Initial bytes incorrect after Java AES CBC decryption

Question

What s wrong with the following example   The problem is that the first part of the decrypted string is nonsense  However  the rest is fine  I get      Result     eB6O geS  i are you  Have a nice day      Test public void testEncrypt       try       String s    Hello there  How are you  Have a nice day            Generate key     KeyGenerator kgen   KeyGenerator getInstance  AES        kgen init 128       SecretKey aesKey   kgen generateKey            Encrypt cipher     Cipher encryptCipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5Padding        encryptCipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  aesKey           Encrypt     ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream   new ByteArrayOutputStream        CipherOutputStream cipherOutputStream   new CipherOutputStream outputStream  encryptCipher       cipherOutputStream write s getBytes         cipherOutputStream flush        cipherOutputStream close        byte   encryptedBytes   outputStream toByteArray            Decrypt cipher     Cipher decryptCipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5Padding        IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec   new IvParameterSpec aesKey getEncoded         decryptCipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  aesKey  ivParameterSpec           Decrypt     outputStream   new ByteArrayOutputStream        ByteArrayInputStream inStream   new ByteArrayInputStream encryptedBytes       CipherInputStream cipherInputStream   new CipherInputStream inStream  decryptCipher       byte   buf   new byte 1024       int bytesRead      while   bytesRead   cipherInputStream read buf    gt   0            outputStream write buf  0  bytesRead              System out println  Result      new String outputStream toByteArray              catch  Exception ex        ex printStackTrace

User · Answer

Optimized version of the accepted answer.

no 3rd party libs
includes IV into the encrypted message (can be public)
password can be of any length

Code:

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.util.Base64;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;

public class Encryptor {
    public static byte[] getRandomInitialVector() {
        try {
            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5PADDING");
            SecureRandom randomSecureRandom = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
            byte[] initVector = new byte[cipher.getBlockSize()];
            randomSecureRandom.nextBytes(initVector);
            return initVector;
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }

    public static byte[] passwordTo16BitKey(String password) {
        try {
            byte[] srcBytes = password.getBytes("UTF-8");
            byte[] dstBytes = new byte[16];

            if (srcBytes.length == 16) {
                return srcBytes;
            }

            if (srcBytes.length < 16) {
                for (int i = 0; i < dstBytes.length; i++) {
                    dstBytes[i] = (byte) ((srcBytes[i % srcBytes.length]) * (srcBytes[(i + 1) % srcBytes.length]));
                }
            } else if (srcBytes.length > 16) {
                for (int i = 0; i < srcBytes.length; i++) {
                    dstBytes[i % dstBytes.length] += srcBytes[i];
                }
            }

            return dstBytes;
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }

    public static String encrypt(String key, String value) {
        return encrypt(passwordTo16BitKey(key), value);
    }

    public static String encrypt(byte[] key, String value) {
        try {
            byte[] initVector = Encryptor.getRandomInitialVector();
            IvParameterSpec iv = new IvParameterSpec(initVector);
            SecretKeySpec skeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");

            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5PADDING");
            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, skeySpec, iv);

            byte[] encrypted = cipher.doFinal(value.getBytes());
            return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encrypted) + " " + Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(initVector);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }

    public static String decrypt(String key, String encrypted) {
        return decrypt(passwordTo16BitKey(key), encrypted);
    }

    public static String decrypt(byte[] key, String encrypted) {
        try {
            String[] encryptedParts = encrypted.split(" ");
            byte[] initVector = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encryptedParts[1]);
            if (initVector.length != 16) {
                return null;
            }

            IvParameterSpec iv = new IvParameterSpec(initVector);
            SecretKeySpec skeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");

            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5PADDING");
            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, skeySpec, iv);

            byte[] original = cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(encryptedParts[0]));

            return new String(original);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }

        return null;
    }
}

Usage:

String key = "Password of any length.";
String encrypted = Encryptor.encrypt(key, "Hello World");
String decrypted = Encryptor.decrypt(key, encrypted);
System.out.println(encrypted);
System.out.println(decrypted);

Example output:

QngBg+Qc5+F8HQsksgfyXg== yDfYiIHTqOOjc0HRNdr1Ng==
Hello World

User · Answer

Here a solution without Apache Commons Codec s Base64   import javax crypto Cipher  import javax crypto spec SecretKeySpec   public class AdvancedEncryptionStandard       private byte   key       private static final String ALGORITHM    AES        public AdvancedEncryptionStandard byte   key                this key   key                        Encrypts the given plain text                param plainText The plain text to encrypt             public byte   encrypt byte   plainText  throws Exception               SecretKeySpec secretKey   new SecretKeySpec key  ALGORITHM           Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance ALGORITHM           cipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  secretKey            return cipher doFinal plainText                         Decrypts the given byte array                param cipherText The data to decrypt             public byte   decrypt byte   cipherText  throws Exception               SecretKeySpec secretKey   new SecretKeySpec key  ALGORITHM           Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance ALGORITHM           cipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  secretKey            return cipher doFinal cipherText             Usage example   byte   encryptionKey    MZygpewJsCpRrfOr  getBytes StandardCharsets UTF 8   byte   plainText    Hello world   getBytes StandardCharsets UTF 8   AdvancedEncryptionStandard advancedEncryptionStandard   new AdvancedEncryptionStandard          encryptionKey   byte   cipherText   advancedEncryptionStandard encrypt plainText   byte   decryptedCipherText   advancedEncryptionStandard decrypt cipherText    System out println new String plainText    System out println new String cipherText    System out println new String decryptedCipherText      Prints   Hello world      LA   b  Hello world

User · Answer

Looks to me like you are not dealing properly with your Initialization Vector  IV   It s been a long time since I last read about AES  IVs and block chaining  but your line   IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec   new IvParameterSpec aesKey getEncoded       does not seem to be OK  In the case of AES  you can think of the initialization vector as the  initial state  of a cipher instance  and this state is a bit of information that you can not get from your key but from the actual computation of the encrypting cipher   One could argue that if the IV could be extracted from the key  then it would be of no use  as the key is already given to the cipher instance during its init phase    Therefore  you should get the IV as a byte   from the cipher instance at the end of your encryption    cipherOutputStream close      byte   iv   encryptCipher getIV      and you should initialize your Cipher in DECRYPT MODE with this byte        IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec   new IvParameterSpec iv     Then  your decryption should be OK   Hope this helps

User · Answer

Lot of people including myself face lot of issues in making this work due to missing some information like  forgetting to convert to Base64  initialization vectors  character set  etc  So I thought of making a fully functional code   Hope this will be useful to you all  To compile you need additional Apache Commons Codec jar  which is available here  http   commons apache org proper commons-codec download codec cgi  import javax crypto Cipher  import javax crypto spec IvParameterSpec  import javax crypto spec SecretKeySpec   import org apache commons codec binary Base64   public class Encryptor       public static String encrypt String key  String initVector  String value            try               IvParameterSpec iv   new IvParameterSpec initVector getBytes  UTF-8                 SecretKeySpec skeySpec   new SecretKeySpec key getBytes  UTF-8     AES                 Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5PADDING                cipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  skeySpec  iv                byte   encrypted   cipher doFinal value getBytes                 System out println  encrypted string                          Base64 encodeBase64String encrypted                 return Base64 encodeBase64String encrypted             catch  Exception ex                ex printStackTrace                       return null             public static String decrypt String key  String initVector  String encrypted            try               IvParameterSpec iv   new IvParameterSpec initVector getBytes  UTF-8                 SecretKeySpec skeySpec   new SecretKeySpec key getBytes  UTF-8     AES                 Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5PADDING                cipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  skeySpec  iv                byte   original   cipher doFinal Base64 decodeBase64 encrypted                 return new String original             catch  Exception ex                ex printStackTrace                       return null             public static void main String   args            String key    Bar12345Bar12345      128 bit key         String initVector    RandomInitVector      16 bytes IV          System out println decrypt key  initVector                  encrypt key  initVector   Hello World

User · Answer

This is an improvement over the accepted answer   Changes    1  Using random IV and prepend it to the encrypted text   2  Using SHA-256 to generate a key from a passphrase   3  No dependency on Apache Commons  public static void main String   args  throws GeneralSecurityException       String plaintext    Hello world       String passphrase    My passphrase       String encrypted   encrypt passphrase  plaintext       String decrypted   decrypt passphrase  encrypted       System out println encrypted       System out println decrypted      private static SecretKeySpec getKeySpec String passphrase  throws NoSuchAlgorithmException       MessageDigest digest   MessageDigest getInstance  SHA-256        return new SecretKeySpec digest digest passphrase getBytes UTF 8     AES       private static Cipher getCipher   throws NoSuchPaddingException  NoSuchAlgorithmException       return Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5PADDING       public static String encrypt String passphrase  String value  throws GeneralSecurityException       byte   initVector   new byte 16       SecureRandom getInstanceStrong   nextBytes initVector       Cipher cipher   getCipher        cipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  getKeySpec passphrase   new IvParameterSpec initVector        byte   encrypted   cipher doFinal value getBytes         return DatatypeConverter printBase64Binary initVector                DatatypeConverter printBase64Binary encrypted      public static String decrypt String passphrase  String encrypted  throws GeneralSecurityException       byte   initVector   DatatypeConverter parseBase64Binary encrypted substring 0  24        Cipher cipher   getCipher        cipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  getKeySpec passphrase   new IvParameterSpec initVector        byte   original   cipher doFinal DatatypeConverter parseBase64Binary encrypted substring 24         return new String original

User · Answer

The IV that your using for decryption is incorrect  Replace this code    Decrypt cipher Cipher decryptCipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5Padding    IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec   new IvParameterSpec aesKey getEncoded     decryptCipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  aesKey  ivParameterSpec     With this code    Decrypt cipher Cipher decryptCipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5Padding    IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec   new IvParameterSpec encryptCipher getIV     decryptCipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  aesKey  ivParameterSpec     And that should solve your problem      Below includes an example of a simple AES class in Java  I do not recommend using this class in production environments  as it may not account for all of the specific needs of your application    import java nio charset StandardCharsets  import java security InvalidAlgorithmParameterException  import java security InvalidKeyException  import java security NoSuchAlgorithmException  import java security SecureRandom  import javax crypto BadPaddingException  import javax crypto Cipher  import javax crypto IllegalBlockSizeException  import javax crypto NoSuchPaddingException  import javax crypto spec IvParameterSpec  import javax crypto spec SecretKeySpec  import java util Base64   public class AES        public static byte   encrypt final byte   keyBytes  final byte   ivBytes  final byte   messageBytes  throws InvalidKeyException  InvalidAlgorithmParameterException                      return AES transform Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  keyBytes  ivBytes  messageBytes              public static byte   decrypt final byte   keyBytes  final byte   ivBytes  final byte   messageBytes  throws InvalidKeyException  InvalidAlgorithmParameterException                      return AES transform Cipher DECRYPT MODE  keyBytes  ivBytes  messageBytes              private static byte   transform final int mode  final byte   keyBytes  final byte   ivBytes  final byte   messageBytes  throws InvalidKeyException  InvalidAlgorithmParameterException               final SecretKeySpec keySpec   new SecretKeySpec keyBytes   AES            final IvParameterSpec ivSpec   new IvParameterSpec ivBytes           byte   transformedBytes   null           try                       final Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CTR NoPadding                 cipher init mode  keySpec  ivSpec                transformedBytes   cipher doFinal messageBytes                             catch  NoSuchAlgorithmException   NoSuchPaddingException   IllegalBlockSizeException   BadPaddingException e                         e printStackTrace                      return transformedBytes             public static void main final String   args  throws InvalidKeyException  InvalidAlgorithmParameterException                 Retrieved from a protected local file            Do not hard-code and do not version control          final String base64Key    ABEiM0RVZneImaq7zN3u w                Retrieved from a protected database            Do not hard-code and do not version control          final String shadowEntry    AAECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODw   ZtrkahwcMzTu7e WuJ3AZmF09DE               Extract the iv and the ciphertext from the shadow entry          final String   shadowData   shadowEntry split                       final String base64Iv   shadowData 0           final String base64Ciphertext   shadowData 1              Convert to raw bytes          final byte   keyBytes   Base64 getDecoder   decode base64Key           final byte   ivBytes   Base64 getDecoder   decode base64Iv           final byte   encryptedBytes   Base64 getDecoder   decode base64Ciphertext              Decrypt data and do something with it          final byte   decryptedBytes   AES decrypt keyBytes  ivBytes  encryptedBytes              Use non-blocking SecureRandom implementation for the new IV          final SecureRandom secureRandom   new SecureRandom               Generate a new IV          secureRandom nextBytes ivBytes              At this point instead of printing to the screen             one should replace the old shadow entry with the new one          System out println  Old Shadow Entry            shadowEntry           System out println  Decrytped Shadow Data       new String decryptedBytes  StandardCharsets UTF 8            System out println  New Shadow Entry            Base64 getEncoder   encodeToString ivBytes          Base64 getEncoder   encodeToString AES encrypt keyBytes  ivBytes  decryptedBytes               Note that AES has nothing to do with encoding  which is why I chose to handle it separately and without the need of any third party libraries

User · Answer

In this answer I choose to approach the  Simple Java AES encrypt decrypt example  main theme and not the specific debugging question because I think this will profit most readers   This is a simple summary of my blog post about AES encryption in Java so I recommend reading through it before implementing anything  I will however still provide a simple example to use and give some pointers what to watch out for   In this example I will choose to use authenticated encryption with Galois Counter Mode or GCM mode  The reason is that in most case you want  integrity and authenticity in combination with confidentiality  read more in the blog    AES-GCM Encryption Decryption Tutorial  Here are the steps required to encrypt decrypt with AES-GCM with the Java Cryptography Architecture  JCA   Do not mix with other examples  as subtle differences may make your code utterly insecure   1  Create Key  As it depends on your use-case  I will assume the simplest case  a random secret key   SecureRandom secureRandom   new SecureRandom    byte   key   new byte 16   secureRandom nextBytes key   SecretKey secretKey   SecretKeySpec key   AES      Important    always use a strong pseudorandom number generator like SecureRandom use 16 byte   128 bit long key  or more - but more is seldom needed  if you want a key derived from a user password  look into a password hash function  or KDF  with stretching property like PBKDF2 or bcrypt if you want a key derived from other sources  use a proper key derivation function  KDF  like HKDF  Java implementation here   Do not use simple cryptographic hashes for that  like SHA-256     2  Create the Initialization Vector  An initialization vector  IV  is used so that the same secret key will create different cipher texts   byte   iv   new byte 12     NEVER REUSE THIS IV WITH SAME KEY secureRandom nextBytes iv     Important    never reuse the same IV with the same key  very important in GCM CTR mode  the IV must be unique  ie  use random IV or a counter  the IV is not required to be secret always use a strong pseudorandom number generator like SecureRandom 12 byte IV is the correct choice for AES-GCM mode   3  Encrypt with IV and Key  final Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES GCM NoPadding    GCMParameterSpec parameterSpec   new GCMParameterSpec 128  iv     128 bit auth tag length cipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  secretKey  parameterSpec   byte   cipherText   cipher doFinal plainText     Important    use 16 byte   128 bit authentication tag  used to verify integrity authenticity  the authentication tag will be automatically appended to the cipher text  in the JCA implementation  since GCM behaves like a stream cipher  no padding is required use CipherInputStream when encrypting large chunks of data want additional  non-secret  data checked if it was changed  You may want to use associated data with cipher updateAAD associatedData   More here    3  Serialize to Single Message  Just append IV and ciphertext  As stated above  the IV doesn t need to be secret   ByteBuffer byteBuffer   ByteBuffer allocate iv length   cipherText length   byteBuffer put iv   byteBuffer put cipherText   byte   cipherMessage   byteBuffer array      Optionally encode with Base64 if you need a string representation  Either use Android s or Java 8 s built-in implementation  do not use Apache Commons Codec - it s an awful implementation   Encoding is used to  convert  byte arrays to string representation to make it ASCII safe e g    String base64CipherMessage   Base64 getEncoder   encodeToString cipherMessage     4  Prepare Decryption  Deserialize  If you have encoded the message  first decode it to byte array   byte   cipherMessage   Base64 getDecoder   decode base64CipherMessage    Important    be careful to validate input parameters  so to avoid denial of service attacks by allocating too much memory    5  Decrypt  Initialize the cipher and set the same parameters as with the encryption   final Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES GCM NoPadding      use first 12 bytes for iv AlgorithmParameterSpec gcmIv   new GCMParameterSpec 128  cipherMessage  0  12   cipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  secretKey  gcmIv     use everything from 12 bytes on as ciphertext byte   plainText   cipher doFinal cipherMessage  12  cipherMessage length - 12     Important    don t forget to add associated data with cipher updateAAD associatedData   if you added it during encryption    A working code snippet can be found in this gist     Note that most recent Android  SDK 21   and Java  7   implementations should have AES-GCM  Older versions may lack it  I still choose this mode  since it is easier to implement in addition to being more efficient compared to similar mode of Encrypt-then-Mac  with e g  AES-CBC   HMAC   See this article on how to implement AES-CBC with HMAC

User · Answer

It s often the good idea to rely on standard library provided solution   private static void stackOverflow15554296       throws         NoSuchAlgorithmException  NoSuchPaddingException                  InvalidKeyException  IllegalBlockSizeException          BadPaddingException           prepare key     KeyGenerator keygen   KeyGenerator getInstance  AES        SecretKey aesKey   keygen generateKey        String aesKeyForFutureUse   Base64 getEncoder   encodeToString              aesKey getEncoded                  cipher engine     Cipher aesCipher   Cipher getInstance  AES ECB PKCS5Padding            cipher input     aesCipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  aesKey       byte   clearTextBuff    Text to encode  getBytes        byte   cipherTextBuff   aesCipher doFinal clearTextBuff           recreate key     byte   aesKeyBuff   Base64 getDecoder   decode aesKeyForFutureUse       SecretKey aesDecryptKey   new SecretKeySpec aesKeyBuff   AES            decipher input     aesCipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  aesDecryptKey       byte   decipheredBuff   aesCipher doFinal cipherTextBuff       System out println new String decipheredBuff        This prints  Text to encode    Solution is based on Java Cryptography Architecture Reference Guide and https   stackoverflow com a 20591539 146745 answer

User · Answer

Online Editor Runnable version -  import javax crypto Cipher  import javax crypto spec IvParameterSpec  import javax crypto spec SecretKeySpec    import org apache commons codec binary Base64  import java util Base64   public class Encryptor       public static String encrypt String key  String initVector  String value            try               Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5PADDING                IvParameterSpec iv   new IvParameterSpec initVector getBytes  UTF-8                  SecretKeySpec skeySpec   new SecretKeySpec key getBytes  UTF-8     AES                cipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  skeySpec  iv                byte   encrypted   cipher doFinal value getBytes                    System out println  encrypted string                            Base64 encodeBase64String encrypted                   return Base64 encodeBase64String encrypted               String s   new String Base64 getEncoder   encode encrypted                return s            catch  Exception ex                ex printStackTrace                      return null             public static String decrypt String key  String initVector  String encrypted            try               IvParameterSpec iv   new IvParameterSpec initVector getBytes  UTF-8                 SecretKeySpec skeySpec   new SecretKeySpec key getBytes  UTF-8     AES                 Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance  AES CBC PKCS5PADDING                cipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  skeySpec  iv                byte   original   cipher doFinal Base64 getDecoder   decode encrypted                 return new String original             catch  Exception ex                ex printStackTrace                       return null             public static void main String   args            String key    Bar12345Bar12345      128 bit key         String initVector    RandomInitVector      16 bytes IV          System out println encrypt key  initVector   Hello World             System out println decrypt key  initVector  encrypt key  initVector   Hello World

User · Answer

Another solution using java util Base64 with Spring Boot  Encryptor Class  package com jmendoza springboot crypto cipher   import org springframework beans factory annotation Value  import org springframework stereotype Component   import javax crypto Cipher  import javax crypto spec SecretKeySpec  import java nio charset StandardCharsets  import java util Base64    Component public class Encryptor         Value    security encryptor key        private byte   key       Value    security encryptor algorithm        private String algorithm       public String encrypt String plainText  throws Exception           SecretKeySpec secretKey   new SecretKeySpec key  algorithm           Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance algorithm           cipher init Cipher ENCRYPT MODE  secretKey           return new String Base64 getEncoder   encode cipher doFinal plainText getBytes StandardCharsets UTF 8                 public String decrypt String cipherText  throws Exception           SecretKeySpec secretKey   new SecretKeySpec key  algorithm           Cipher cipher   Cipher getInstance algorithm           cipher init Cipher DECRYPT MODE  secretKey           return new String cipher doFinal Base64 getDecoder   decode cipherText               EncryptorController Class  package com jmendoza springboot crypto controller   import com jmendoza springboot crypto cipher Encryptor  import org springframework beans factory annotation Autowired  import org springframework web bind annotation GetMapping  import org springframework web bind annotation PathVariable  import org springframework web bind annotation RequestMapping  import org springframework web bind annotation RestController    RestController  RequestMapping   cipher   public class EncryptorController         Autowired     Encryptor encryptor        GetMapping value    encrypt  value        public String encrypt  PathVariable  value   final String value  throws Exception           return encryptor encrypt value               GetMapping value    decrypt  value        public String decrypt  PathVariable  value   final String value  throws Exception           return encryptor decrypt value             application properties    server port 8082 security encryptor algorithm AES security encryptor key M8jFt46dfJMaiJA0   Example  http   localhost 8082 cipher encrypt jmendoza  2h41HH8Shzc4BRU3hVDOXA    http   localhost 8082 cipher decrypt 2h41HH8Shzc4BRU3hVDOXA    jmendoza

[java] Initial bytes incorrect after Java AES/CBC decryption

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