I might be wrong but "find -name __" works fine for me. (Maybe it's just my phone.) If you just want to list all files, you can try
adb shell ls -R /
You probably need the root permission though.
Edit:
As other answers suggest, use ls
with grep
like this:
adb shell ls -Ral yourDirectory | grep -i yourString
eg.
adb shell ls -Ral / | grep -i myfile
-i
is for ignore-case. and /
is the root directory.