The main problem in your case would be failure of accessing \\localhost\c$
If you get an error while trying to access the Windows hidden C share (C$):
C:\> net use \\localhost\c$
System error 53 has occurred.
The network path was not found.
You may find the following articles useful: KB254210 and KB951016.
A simple thing is just to make sure your TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper and Server services are running (Start-Run, services.msc) and try again:
C:\> net use \localhost\c$
The command completed successfully.
Of course, your user must be either an administrator or be part of the administrator group.
If it still fails, manually edit the registry (Start-Run, regedit). Browse to:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System
and create a new DWORD value LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy set to 1
After solving this issue and installing Oracle Database Server, you can disable back your TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper service if you don't need it anymore.
References: http://groglogs.blogspot.ro/2013/11/windows-cannot-access-hidden-c-admin.html
For others:
If you don't have the problem with \\localhost\c$, then you might have the other problem with your username as the others stated (e.g. username with '_' in it):
This will get solved by changing TEMP and TMP environment variables from a command line and then running setup.exe from there.
If this still doesn't work:
Try running setup.exe with "-debug" option and see what happens in there.
You may also want to check what's in the .log files created in your %TEMP% folder (e.g. ssproiut_%number%.log)