[google-app-engine] What is the difference between Google App Engine and Google Compute Engine?

I was wondering what the difference between App Engine & Compute Engine are. Can anyone explain the difference to me?

I'll explain it in a way that made sense to me:

• Compute Engine: If you are do-it-yourself person or have an IT team and you just want to rent a computer on cloud that has specific OS (for example linux), you go for the Compute Engine. You have to do everything by yourself.

• App Engine: If you are (for example) a python programmer and you want to rent a pre-configured computer on cloud that has Linux with a running web-server and the latest python 3 with necessary modules and some plug-ins to integrate with other external services, you go for the App Engine.

• Serverless Container (Cloud Run): If you would like to deploy the exact image of your local setup environment (for example: python 3.7+flask+sklearn) but you do not want to deal with server, scaling, etc. You create a container on your local machine (through docker) and then deploy it to Google Run.

• Serverless Microservice (Cloud Functions): If you want to write bunch of APIs (functions) that do specific job, you go for google Cloud Functions. You just focus on those specific functions, the rest of the job (server, maintenance, scaling, etc.) is done for you in order to expose your functions as microservices.

As you go deeper, you lose some flexibility but you are not worried about unnecessary technical aspects. You also pay a little more but you save time and cost (IT part): someone else (google) is doing it for you.

If you want to not care about load balancing, scaling, etc., it is crucial to split your app to bunch of "stateless" web services that writes anything persistent in a separate storage (database or blob storage). Then you will found how awesome is Cloud Run and Cloud Functions.

Personally, I found Google Cloud Run an awesome solution, absolute freedom in development (as long as stateless), expose it as a web service, docker your solution, deploy it with Cloud Run. Let google be your IT and DevOps, you do not need to care about scaling and maintenance.

I have tried all other options and each one is good for different purpose but Google Run is just awesome. To me, it is the real serverless without losing flexibility in development.

Or to make it even simpler (since at times we fail to differentiate between GAE Standard and GAE Flex):

Compute Engine is analogous to a virtual PC, where you'd deploy a small website + database, for instance. You manage everything, including control of installed disk drives. If you deploy a website, you're in charge of setting up DNS etc.

Google App Engine (Standard) is like a read-only sandboxed folder where you upload code to execute from and don't worry about the rest (yes: read-only - there are a fixed set of libraries installed for you and you cannot deploy 3rd party libraries at will). DNS / Sub-domains etc is so much easier to map.

Google App Engine (Flexible) is in fact like a whole file-system (not just a locked down folder), where you have more power than the Standard engine, e.g. you have read/write permissions, (but less compared to a Compute Engine). In GAE standard you have a fixed set of libraries installed for you and you cannot deploy 3rd party libraries at will. In the Flexible environment you can install whatever library your app depends on, including custom build environments (such as Python 3).

Although GAE Standard is very cumbersome to deal with (although Google makes it sound simple), it scales really well when put under pressure. It's cumbersome because you need to test and ensure compatibility with the locked-down environment and ensure any 3rd party library you use does not use any other 3rd party library you're unaware of which may not work on GAE standard. It takes longer to set it up in practice but can be more rewarding in the longer run for simple deployments.

Basic difference is that Google App Engine (GAE) is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) whereas Google Compute Engine (GCE) is an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

To run your application in GAE you just need to write your code and deploy it into GAE, no other headache. Since GAE is fully scalable, it will automatically acquire more instances in case the traffic goes higher and decrease the instances when traffic decreases. You will be charged for the resources you really use, I mean, you will be billed for the Instance-Hours, Transferred Data, Storage etc your app really used. But the restriction is, you can create your application in only Python, PHP, Java, NodeJS, .NET, Ruby and **Go.

On the other hand, GCE provides you full infrastructure in the form of Virtual Machine. You have complete control over those VMs' environment and runtime as you can write or install any program there. Actually GCE is the way to use Google Data Centers virtually. In GCE you have to manually configure your infrastructure to handle scalability by using Load Balancer.

Both GAE and GCE are part of Google Cloud Platform.

Update: In March 2014 Google announced a new service under App Engine named Managed Virtual Machine. Managed VMs offers app engine applications a bit more flexibility over app platform, CPU and memory options. Like GCE you can create a custom runtime environment in these VMs for app engine application. Actually Managed VMs of App Engine blurs the frontier between IAAS and PAAS to some extent.

The cloud services provides a range of options from fully managed to less managed services. Less managed services gives more control to the developers. The same is the difference in Compute and App engine also. The below image elaborate more on this point

App Engine gives developers the ability to control Google Compute Engine cores, as well as provide a web-facing front end for Google Compute Engine data processing applications.

On the other hand, Compute Engine offers direct and complete operating system management of your virtual machines. To present your App, you're going to need resources, and Google Cloud Storage is ideal for storing your assets and data, whatever they're used for. You get fast data access with hosting around the globe. Reliability is guaranteed at a 99.95% up-time, and Google also provides the ability to back up and restore your data, and believe it or not, storage is unlimited.

You can manage your assets with Google Cloud Storage, storing, retrieving, displaying, and deleting them. You can also quickly read and write to flat datasheets that are kept in Cloud Storage. Next in the Google Cloud lineup is BigQuery. With BigQuery, you can analyze massive amounts of data, we're talking millions of records, within seconds. Access is handled via a straightforward UI, or a Representational State Transfer, or REST interface.

Data storage is, as you might suspect, not a problem, and scales to hundreds of TB. BigQuery is accessible via a host of client libraries, including those for Java, .NET, Python, Go, Ruby, PHP, and Javascript. A SQL-like syntax called NoSQL is available which can be accessed through these client libraries, or through a web user interface. Finally, let's talk about the Google Cloud platform database options, Cloud SQL and Cloud Datastore.

There is a major difference. Cloud SQL is for relational databases, primarily MySQL, whereas Cloud Datastore is for non-relational databases using noSQL. With Cloud SQL, you have the choice of either hosting in the US, Europe, or Asia, with 100 GB of storage, and 16 GB of RAM per database instance.

Cloud Datastore is available at no charge for up to 50 K read/write instructions per month and 1 GB of data stored also per month. There is a fee if you exceed these quotas, however. App Engine can also work with other lesser known, more targeted members of the Google Cloud platform, including the Cloud Endpoints for creating API backends, Google Prediction API for data analysis and trend forecasting, or the Google Translate API, for multilingual output.

While you can do a fair amount with App Engine on its own, It's potential skyrockets when you factor in its ability to work easily and efficiently with its fellow Google Cloud platform services.

In addition to the App Engine vs Compute Engine notes above the list here also includes a comparison with Google Kubernete Engine and some notes based on experience with a wide range of apps from small to very large. For more points see the Google Cloud Platform documentation high level description of features in App Engine Standard and Flex on the page Choosing an App Engine Environment. For another comparison of deployment of App Engine and Kubernetes see the post by Daz Wilkin App Engine Flex or Kubernetes Engine.

App Engine Standard

Pros

• Very economical for low traffic apps in terms of direct costs and also the cost of maintaining the app.
• Auto scaling is fast. Autoscaling in App Engine is based on lightweight instance classes F1-F4.
• Version management and traffic splitting are fast and convenient. These features are built into App Engine (both Standard and Flex) natively.
• Minimal management, developers need focus only on their app. Developers do not need to worry about managing VMs in a reliable, as in GCE, or learning about clusters, as with GKE.
• Access to Datastore is fast. When App Engine was first released, the runtime was co-located with Datastore. Later Datastore was split out as the standalone product Cloud Datastore but the co-location of App Engine Standard serving with Datastore remains.
• Access to Memcache is supported.
• The App Engine sandbox is very secure. Compared with development on GCE or other virtual machines, where you need to do your own diligence to prevent the virtual machine from being taken over at the operating system level, the App Engine Standard sandbox is relatively secure by default.

Cons

• Generally more constrained than other environments Instances are smaller. Although this is good for rapid autoscaling, many apps can benefit from larger instances, such as GCE instance sizes up to 96 cores.
• Networking is not integrated with GCE
• Cannot put App Engine behind a Google Cloud Load Balancer. Limited to supported runtimes: Python 2.7, Java 7 and 8, Go 1.6-1.9, and PHP 5.5. In Java, there is some support for Servlets but not the full J2EE standard.

App Engine Flex

Pros

• Can use a custom runtime
• Native integration with GCE networking
• Version and traffic management is convenient, same as Standard
• The larger instance sizes may be more suitable to to large complex applications, especially Java applications that can use a lot of memory

Cons

• Network integration is not perfect - no integration with internal load balancers or Shared Virtual Private Clouds
• Access to managed Memcache not generally available

Google Kubernetes Engine

Pros

• Native integration with containers allows custom runtimes and greater control over cluster configuration.
• Embodies many best practices working with virtual machines, such as immutable runtime environments and easy ability to roll back to previous versions
• Provides a consistent and repeatable deployment framework
• Based on open standards, notably Kubernetes, for portability between clouds and on-premises.
• Version management can accomplished with Docker containers and the Google Container Registry

Cons

• Traffic splitting and management is do-it-yourself, possibly leveraging Istio and Envoy
• Some management overhead
• Some time to ramp up on Kubernetes concepts, such as pods, deployments, services, ingress, and namespaces
• Need to expose some public IPs unless using Private Clusters, now in beta, eliminate that need but you still need to provide access to locations where kubectl commands will be run from.
• Monitoring integration not perfect
• While L3 internal load balancing is supported natively on Kubernetes Engine, L7 internal load balancing is do-it-yourself, possibly leveraging Envoy

Compute Engine

Pros

• Easy to ramp up - no need to ramp up on Kubernetes or App Engine, just reuse whatever you know from previous experience. This is probably the main reason for using Compute Engine directly.
• Complete control - you can leverage many Compute Engine features directly and install the latest of all your favorite stuff to stay on the bleeding edge.
• No need for public IPs. Some legacy software may be too hard to lock down if anything is exposed on public IPs.
• You can leverage the Container-Optimized OS for running Docker containers

Cons

• Mostly do-it-yourself, which can be challenging to do adequately for reliability and security, although you can reuse solutions from various places, including the Cloud Launcher.
• More management overhead. There are many management tools for Compute Engine but they will not necessarily understand how you have deployed your application, like the App Engine and Kubernetes Engine monitoring tools do
• Autoscaling is based on GCE instances, which can be slower than App Engine
• Tendency is to install software on snowflake GCE instances, which can be some effort to maintain

As explained already Google Compute Engine (GCE) is the Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) while Google App Engine (GAE) is Platform as a Service (PaaS). You can check the following diagram to understand the difference in a better way (Taken from and better explained here) -

Google Compute Engine
GCE is an important service provided from Google Cloud Platform (GCP) since most of the GCP services use GCE instances (VMs) beneath the management layer (not sure which one don't). This includes App Engine, Cloud Functions, Kubernetes Engine (Earlier Container Engine), Cloud SQL, etc. GCE instances are the most customisable unit there and thus should only be used when your application can't run on any other GCP services. Most of the time people use GCE to transfer their On-Prem applications to GCP, since it requires minimal changes. Later, they can choose to use other GCP services for separate component of their apps.

Google App Engine
GAE is the first service offered by GCP (Long before Google came to the cloud business). It autoscales from 0 to unlimited instances (It uses GCE underneath). It comes with 2 flavors Standard Environment and Flexible Environment.

Standard Environment is really fast, scales down to 0 instance when no-one is using your app, scales up and down in seconds and have dedicated Google services and libraries for caching, authentication etc. The caveat with Standard environment is that it is very restrictive since it runs in a sandbox. You have to use managed runtimes for specific programming languages only. The recent additions are Node.js (8.x) and Python 3.x. The older runtimes are available for Go, PHP, Python 2.7, Java etc.

Flexible Environment is more open as it allows you to use custom runtimes as it uses docker containers. Thus if your runtime is not available in the provided runtimes, you can always create your own dockerfile for the execution environment. The caveat with it is, it requires having at least 1 instance running, even if no-one is using your app, plus the scaling up and down requires few minutes.

Don't confuse GAE flexible with Kubernetes Engine, as the later one uses actual Kubernetes and provides much more customisation and features. GAE Flex is useful when you want stateless containers and your application rely on HTTP or HTTPS protocols only. For other protocols Kubernetes Engine (GKE) or GCE is your only choice. Check my other answer for better explanation.

If you're familiar with other popular services:

Google Compute Engine -> AWS EC2

Google App Engine -> Heroku or AWS Elastic Beanstalk

Google Cloud Functions -> AWS Lambda Functions

Google Compute Engine (GCE)

Virtual Machines (VMs) hosted in the cloud. Before the cloud, these were often called Virtual Private Servers (VPS). You'd use these the same way you'd use a physical server, where you install and configure the operating system, install your application, install the database, keep the OS up-to-date, etc. This is known as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).

VMs are most useful when you have an existing application running on a VM or server in your datacenter, and want to easily migrate it to GCP.

Google App Engine

App Engine hosts and runs your code, without requiring you to deal with the operating system, networking, and many of the other things you'd have to manage with a physical server or VM. Think of it as a runtime, which can automatically deploy, version, and scale your application. This is called Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS).

App Engine is most useful when you want automated deployment and automated scaling of your application. Unless your application requires custom OS configuration, App Engine is often advantageous over configuring and managing VMs by hand.

To put it simply: compute engine gives you a server which you have full control/responsibility for. You have direct access to the operating system, and you install all the software that you want, which is usually a web server, database, etc...

In app engine you don't manage the operating system of any of the underlying software. You only upload code (Java, PHP, Python, or Go) and voila - it just runs...

App engine saves tons of headache, especially for inexperienced people but it has 2 significant drawbacks: 1. more expensive (but it does have a free quota which compute engine doesn't) 2. you have less control, thus certain things are just not possible, or only possible in one specific way (for example saving and writing files).