How can I remove a trailing newline

Question

What is the Python equivalent of Perl s chomp function  which removes the last character of a string if it is a newline

User · Answer

I might use something like this   import os s   s rstrip os linesep    I think the problem with rstrip   n   is that you ll probably want to make sure the line separator is portable   some antiquated systems are rumored to use   r n    The other gotcha is that rstrip will strip out repeated whitespace  Hopefully os linesep will contain the right characters  the above works for me

User · Answer

import re  r unwanted   re compile    n t r    r unwanted sub     your text

User · Answer

gt  gt  gt      spacious     rstrip       spacious   gt  gt  gt   AABAA  rstrip  A      AAB   gt  gt  gt   ABBA  rstrip  AB     both AB and BA are stripped        gt  gt  gt   ABCABBA  rstrip  AB       ABC

User · Answer

You may use line   line rstrip   n    This will strip all newlines from the end of the string  not just one

User · Answer

line 1 nline 2 r n     replace   n       replace   r        gt  gt  gt   line 1line 2       or you could always get geekier with regexps     have fun

User · Answer

If your question is to clean up all the line breaks in a multiple line str object  oldstr   you can split it into a list according to the delimiter   n  and then join this list into a new str newstr    newstr      join oldstr split   n

User · Answer

Try the method rstrip    see doc Python 2 and Python 3   gt  gt  gt   test string n  rstrip    test string   Python s rstrip   method strips all kinds of trailing whitespace by default  not just one newline as Perl does with chomp   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip    test string   To strip only newlines   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip   n    test string  n  r n n r    There are also the methods strip    lstrip   and strip     gt  gt  gt  s    quot     n r n   n  abc   def  n r n   n   quot   gt  gt  gt  s strip    abc   def   gt  gt  gt  s lstrip    abc   def  n r n   n     gt  gt  gt  s rstrip        n r n   n  abc   def

User · Answer

It looks like there is not a perfect analog for perl s chomp   In particular  rstrip cannot handle multi-character newline delimiters like  r n  However  splitlines does as pointed out here  Following my answer on a different question  you can combine join and splitlines to remove replace all newlines from a string s      join s splitlines      The following removes exactly one trailing newline  as chomp would  I believe   Passing True as the keepends argument to splitlines retain the delimiters   Then  splitlines is called again to remove the delimiters on just the last  line     def chomp s       if len s           lines   s splitlines True          last   lines pop           return    join lines   last splitlines        else          return

User · Answer

Try the method rstrip    see doc Python 2 and Python 3   gt  gt  gt   test string n  rstrip    test string   Python s rstrip   method strips all kinds of trailing whitespace by default  not just one newline as Perl does with chomp   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip    test string   To strip only newlines   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip   n    test string  n  r n n r    There are also the methods strip    lstrip   and strip     gt  gt  gt  s    quot     n r n   n  abc   def  n r n   n   quot   gt  gt  gt  s strip    abc   def   gt  gt  gt  s lstrip    abc   def  n r n   n     gt  gt  gt  s rstrip        n r n   n  abc   def

User · Answer

Note that rstrip doesn t act exactly like Perl s chomp   because it doesn t modify the string  That is  in Perl    x  a n    chomp  x   results in  x being  a    but in Python   x  a n   x rstrip     will mean that the value of x is still  a n   Even x x rstrip   doesn t always give the same result  as it strips all whitespace from the end of the string  not just one newline at most

User · Answer

Careful with  foo  rstrip os linesep   That will only chomp the newline characters for the platform where your Python is being executed  Imagine you re chimping the lines of a Windows file under Linux  for instance     python Python 2 7 1  r271 86832  Mar 18 2011  09 09 48    GCC 4 5 0 20100604  gcc-4 5-branch revision 160292   on linux2 Type  help    copyright    credits  or  license  for more information   gt  gt  gt  import os  sys  gt  gt  gt  sys platform  linux2   gt  gt  gt   foo r n  rstrip os linesep   foo r   gt  gt  gt    Use  foo  rstrip   r n   instead  as Mike says above

User · Answer

I find it convenient to have be able to get the chomped lines via in iterator  parallel to the way you can get the un-chomped lines from a file object  You can do so with the following code   def chomped lines it       return map operator methodcaller  rstrip     r n    it    Sample usage   with open  file txt   as infile      for line in chomped lines infile           process line

User · Answer

gt  gt  gt      spacious     rstrip       spacious   gt  gt  gt   AABAA  rstrip  A      AAB   gt  gt  gt   ABBA  rstrip  AB     both AB and BA are stripped        gt  gt  gt   ABCABBA  rstrip  AB       ABC

User · Answer

If your question is to clean up all the line breaks in a multiple line str object  oldstr   you can split it into a list according to the delimiter   n  and then join this list into a new str newstr    newstr      join oldstr split   n

User · Answer

you can use strip   line   line strip     demo    gt  gt  gt    n n hello world  n n  strip    hello world

User · Answer

A catch all   line   line rstrip   r  n

User · Answer

s   s rstrip     will remove all newlines at the end of the string s  The assignment is needed because rstrip returns a new string instead of modifying the original string

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I don t program in Python  but I came across an FAQ at python org advocating S rstrip   r n   for python 2 2 or later

User · Answer

I m bubbling up my regular expression based answer from one I posted earlier in the comments of another answer   I think using re is a clearer more explicit solution to this problem than str rstrip    gt  gt  gt  import re   If you want to remove one or more trailing newline chars    gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r            nx r n     nx    If you want to remove newline chars everywhere  not just trailing     gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r           nx r n    x    If you want to remove only 1-2 trailing newline chars  i e    r   n   r n   n r   r r   n n    gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r  1 2           nx r n r n     nx r   gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r  1 2           nx r n r     nx r   gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r  1 2           nx r n     nx    I have a feeling what most people really want here  is to remove just one occurrence of a trailing newline character  either  r n or  n and nothing more    gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx n n   count 1    nx n   gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx r n r n   count 1    nx r n   gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx r n   count 1    nx   gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx n   count 1    nx     The    is to create a non-capturing group     By the way this is not what       rstrip   n       rstrip   r       does which may not be clear to others stumbling upon this thread   str rstrip strips as many of the trailing characters as possible  so a string like foo n n n would result in a false positive of foo whereas you may have wanted to preserve the other newlines after stripping a single trailing one

User · Answer

Note that rstrip doesn t act exactly like Perl s chomp   because it doesn t modify the string  That is  in Perl    x  a n    chomp  x   results in  x being  a    but in Python   x  a n   x rstrip     will mean that the value of x is still  a n   Even x x rstrip   doesn t always give the same result  as it strips all whitespace from the end of the string  not just one newline at most

User · Answer

Just use     line   line rstrip   n     or  line   line strip   n     You don t need any of this complicated stuff

User · Answer

you can use strip   line   line strip     demo    gt  gt  gt    n n hello world  n n  strip    hello world

User · Answer

s      Hello  World  t n r tHi There      import the module string    import string   use the method translate to convert  s translate  ord c   None for c in string whitespace   gt  gt  HelloWorldHiThere    With regex  s        Hello  World   t n r tHi     print re sub r  s        s   sep         s matches all white spaces  gt HelloWorldHi   Replace  n  t  r  s replace   n       replace   t      replace   r       gt    Hello  World Hi     With regex  s      Hello  World  t n r tHi There    regex   re compile r   n r t    regex sub     s   gt  Hello  World Hi There    with Join  s      Hello  World  t n r tHi There        join s split     gt  Hello  World Hi There

User · Answer

If you are concerned about speed  say you have a looong list of strings  and you know the nature of the newline char  string slicing is actually faster than rstrip  A little test to illustrate this   import time  loops   50000000  def method1 loops loops       test string    num n      t0   time time       for num in xrange loops           out sting   test string  -1      t1   time time       print  Method 1      str t1 - t0    def method2 loops loops       test string    num n      t0   time time       for num in xrange loops           out sting   test string rstrip       t1   time time       print  Method 2      str t1 - t0    method1   method2     Output   Method 1  3 92700004578 Method 2  6 73000001907

User · Answer

It looks like there is not a perfect analog for perl s chomp   In particular  rstrip cannot handle multi-character newline delimiters like  r n  However  splitlines does as pointed out here  Following my answer on a different question  you can combine join and splitlines to remove replace all newlines from a string s      join s splitlines      The following removes exactly one trailing newline  as chomp would  I believe   Passing True as the keepends argument to splitlines retain the delimiters   Then  splitlines is called again to remove the delimiters on just the last  line     def chomp s       if len s           lines   s splitlines True          last   lines pop           return    join lines   last splitlines        else          return

User · Answer

workaround solution for special case   if the newline character is the last character  as is the case with most file inputs   then for any element in the collection you can index as follows    foobar  foobar  -1    to slice out your newline character

User · Answer

line 1 nline 2 r n     replace   n       replace   r        gt  gt  gt   line 1line 2       or you could always get geekier with regexps     have fun

User · Answer

This would replicate exactly perl s chomp  minus behavior on arrays  for   n  line terminator   def chomp x       if x endswith   r n    return x  -2      if x endswith   n   or x endswith   r    return x  -1      return x    Note  it does not modify string  in place   it does not strip extra trailing whitespace  takes  r n in account

User · Answer

Just use     line   line rstrip   n     or  line   line strip   n     You don t need any of this complicated stuff

User · Answer

Note that rstrip doesn t act exactly like Perl s chomp   because it doesn t modify the string  That is  in Perl    x  a n    chomp  x   results in  x being  a    but in Python   x  a n   x rstrip     will mean that the value of x is still  a n   Even x x rstrip   doesn t always give the same result  as it strips all whitespace from the end of the string  not just one newline at most

User · Answer

import re  r unwanted   re compile    n t r    r unwanted sub     your text

User · Answer

A catch all   line   line rstrip   r  n

User · Answer

This will work both for windows and linux  bit expensive with re sub if you are looking for only re solution   import re  if re search     r    n    line       line   re sub     r    n        line

User · Answer

And I would say the  pythonic  way to get lines without trailing newline characters is splitlines      gt  gt  gt  text    line 1 nline 2 r nline 3 nline 4   gt  gt  gt  text splitlines     line 1    line 2    line 3    line 4

User · Answer

I find it convenient to have be able to get the chomped lines via in iterator  parallel to the way you can get the un-chomped lines from a file object  You can do so with the following code   def chomped lines it       return map operator methodcaller  rstrip     r n    it    Sample usage   with open  file txt   as infile      for line in chomped lines infile           process line

User · Answer

An example in Python s documentation simply uses line strip     Perl s chomp function removes one linebreak sequence from the end of a string only if it s actually there   Here is how I plan to do that in Python  if process is conceptually the function that I need in order to do something useful to each line from this file   import os sep pos   -len os linesep  with open  file txt   as f      for line in f          if line sep pos      os linesep              line   line  sep pos          process line

User · Answer

rstrip doesn t do the same thing as chomp  on so many levels  Read http   perldoc perl org functions chomp html and see that chomp is very complex indeed   However  my main point is that chomp removes at most 1 line ending  whereas rstrip will remove as many as it can   Here you can see rstrip removing all the newlines    gt  gt  gt   foo n n  rstrip os linesep   foo    A much closer approximation of typical Perl chomp usage can be accomplished with re sub  like this    gt  gt  gt  re sub os linesep   r  Z      foo n n    foo n

User · Answer

The canonical way to strip end-of-line  EOL  characters is to use the string rstrip   method removing any trailing  r or  n   Here are examples for Mac  Windows  and Unix EOL characters    gt  gt  gt   Mac EOL r  rstrip   r n    Mac EOL   gt  gt  gt   Windows EOL r n  rstrip   r n    Windows EOL   gt  gt  gt   Unix EOL n  rstrip   r n    Unix EOL    Using   r n  as the parameter to rstrip means that it will strip out any trailing combination of   r  or   n    That s why it works in all three cases above   This nuance matters in rare cases   For example  I once had to process a text file which contained an HL7 message   The HL7 standard requires a trailing   r  as its EOL character   The Windows machine on which I was using this message had appended its own   r n  EOL character   Therefore  the end of each line looked like   r r n    Using rstrip   r n   would have taken off the entire   r r n  which is not what I wanted   In that case  I simply sliced off the last two characters instead   Note that unlike Perl s chomp function  this will strip all specified characters at the end of the string  not just one    gt  gt  gt   Hello n n n  rstrip   n    Hello

User · Answer

An example in Python s documentation simply uses line strip     Perl s chomp function removes one linebreak sequence from the end of a string only if it s actually there   Here is how I plan to do that in Python  if process is conceptually the function that I need in order to do something useful to each line from this file   import os sep pos   -len os linesep  with open  file txt   as f      for line in f          if line sep pos      os linesep              line   line  sep pos          process line

User · Answer

The canonical way to strip end-of-line  EOL  characters is to use the string rstrip   method removing any trailing  r or  n   Here are examples for Mac  Windows  and Unix EOL characters    gt  gt  gt   Mac EOL r  rstrip   r n    Mac EOL   gt  gt  gt   Windows EOL r n  rstrip   r n    Windows EOL   gt  gt  gt   Unix EOL n  rstrip   r n    Unix EOL    Using   r n  as the parameter to rstrip means that it will strip out any trailing combination of   r  or   n    That s why it works in all three cases above   This nuance matters in rare cases   For example  I once had to process a text file which contained an HL7 message   The HL7 standard requires a trailing   r  as its EOL character   The Windows machine on which I was using this message had appended its own   r n  EOL character   Therefore  the end of each line looked like   r r n    Using rstrip   r n   would have taken off the entire   r r n  which is not what I wanted   In that case  I simply sliced off the last two characters instead   Note that unlike Perl s chomp function  this will strip all specified characters at the end of the string  not just one    gt  gt  gt   Hello n n n  rstrip   n    Hello

User · Answer

rstrip doesn t do the same thing as chomp  on so many levels  Read http   perldoc perl org functions chomp html and see that chomp is very complex indeed   However  my main point is that chomp removes at most 1 line ending  whereas rstrip will remove as many as it can   Here you can see rstrip removing all the newlines    gt  gt  gt   foo n n  rstrip os linesep   foo    A much closer approximation of typical Perl chomp usage can be accomplished with re sub  like this    gt  gt  gt  re sub os linesep   r  Z      foo n n    foo n

User · Answer

And I would say the  pythonic  way to get lines without trailing newline characters is splitlines      gt  gt  gt  text    line 1 nline 2 r nline 3 nline 4   gt  gt  gt  text splitlines     line 1    line 2    line 3    line 4

User · Answer

This would replicate exactly perl s chomp  minus behavior on arrays  for   n  line terminator   def chomp x       if x endswith   r n    return x  -2      if x endswith   n   or x endswith   r    return x  -1      return x    Note  it does not modify string  in place   it does not strip extra trailing whitespace  takes  r n in account

User · Answer

There are three types of line endings that we normally encounter   n   r and  r n  A rather simple regular expression in re sub  namely r  r  n     is able to catch them all    And we gotta catch  em all  am I right    import re  re sub r  r  n         the text  1    With the last argument  we limit the number of occurences replaced to one  mimicking chomp to some extent  Example   import re  text 1    hellothere n n n  text 2    hellothere n n r  text 3    hellothere n n r n   a   re sub r  r  n         text 1  1  b   re sub r  r  n         text 2  1  c   re sub r  r  n         text 3  1        where a    b    c is True

User · Answer

This will work both for windows and linux  bit expensive with re sub if you are looking for only re solution   import re  if re search     r    n    line       line   re sub     r    n        line

User · Answer

workaround solution for special case   if the newline character is the last character  as is the case with most file inputs   then for any element in the collection you can index as follows    foobar  foobar  -1    to slice out your newline character

User · Answer

The canonical way to strip end-of-line  EOL  characters is to use the string rstrip   method removing any trailing  r or  n   Here are examples for Mac  Windows  and Unix EOL characters    gt  gt  gt   Mac EOL r  rstrip   r n    Mac EOL   gt  gt  gt   Windows EOL r n  rstrip   r n    Windows EOL   gt  gt  gt   Unix EOL n  rstrip   r n    Unix EOL    Using   r n  as the parameter to rstrip means that it will strip out any trailing combination of   r  or   n    That s why it works in all three cases above   This nuance matters in rare cases   For example  I once had to process a text file which contained an HL7 message   The HL7 standard requires a trailing   r  as its EOL character   The Windows machine on which I was using this message had appended its own   r n  EOL character   Therefore  the end of each line looked like   r r n    Using rstrip   r n   would have taken off the entire   r r n  which is not what I wanted   In that case  I simply sliced off the last two characters instead   Note that unlike Perl s chomp function  this will strip all specified characters at the end of the string  not just one    gt  gt  gt   Hello n n n  rstrip   n    Hello

User · Answer

s   s rstrip     will remove all newlines at the end of the string s  The assignment is needed because rstrip returns a new string instead of modifying the original string

User · Answer

The canonical way to strip end-of-line  EOL  characters is to use the string rstrip   method removing any trailing  r or  n   Here are examples for Mac  Windows  and Unix EOL characters    gt  gt  gt   Mac EOL r  rstrip   r n    Mac EOL   gt  gt  gt   Windows EOL r n  rstrip   r n    Windows EOL   gt  gt  gt   Unix EOL n  rstrip   r n    Unix EOL    Using   r n  as the parameter to rstrip means that it will strip out any trailing combination of   r  or   n    That s why it works in all three cases above   This nuance matters in rare cases   For example  I once had to process a text file which contained an HL7 message   The HL7 standard requires a trailing   r  as its EOL character   The Windows machine on which I was using this message had appended its own   r n  EOL character   Therefore  the end of each line looked like   r r n    Using rstrip   r n   would have taken off the entire   r r n  which is not what I wanted   In that case  I simply sliced off the last two characters instead   Note that unlike Perl s chomp function  this will strip all specified characters at the end of the string  not just one    gt  gt  gt   Hello n n n  rstrip   n    Hello

User · Answer

There are three types of line endings that we normally encounter   n   r and  r n  A rather simple regular expression in re sub  namely r  r  n     is able to catch them all    And we gotta catch  em all  am I right    import re  re sub r  r  n         the text  1    With the last argument  we limit the number of occurences replaced to one  mimicking chomp to some extent  Example   import re  text 1    hellothere n n n  text 2    hellothere n n r  text 3    hellothere n n r n   a   re sub r  r  n         text 1  1  b   re sub r  r  n         text 2  1  c   re sub r  r  n         text 3  1        where a    b    c is True

User · Answer

Try the method rstrip    see doc Python 2 and Python 3   gt  gt  gt   test string n  rstrip    test string   Python s rstrip   method strips all kinds of trailing whitespace by default  not just one newline as Perl does with chomp   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip    test string   To strip only newlines   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip   n    test string  n  r n n r    There are also the methods strip    lstrip   and strip     gt  gt  gt  s    quot     n r n   n  abc   def  n r n   n   quot   gt  gt  gt  s strip    abc   def   gt  gt  gt  s lstrip    abc   def  n r n   n     gt  gt  gt  s rstrip        n r n   n  abc   def

User · Answer

If you are concerned about speed  say you have a looong list of strings  and you know the nature of the newline char  string slicing is actually faster than rstrip  A little test to illustrate this   import time  loops   50000000  def method1 loops loops       test string    num n      t0   time time       for num in xrange loops           out sting   test string  -1      t1   time time       print  Method 1      str t1 - t0    def method2 loops loops       test string    num n      t0   time time       for num in xrange loops           out sting   test string rstrip       t1   time time       print  Method 2      str t1 - t0    method1   method2     Output   Method 1  3 92700004578 Method 2  6 73000001907

User · Answer

Careful with  foo  rstrip os linesep   That will only chomp the newline characters for the platform where your Python is being executed  Imagine you re chimping the lines of a Windows file under Linux  for instance     python Python 2 7 1  r271 86832  Mar 18 2011  09 09 48    GCC 4 5 0 20100604  gcc-4 5-branch revision 160292   on linux2 Type  help    copyright    credits  or  license  for more information   gt  gt  gt  import os  sys  gt  gt  gt  sys platform  linux2   gt  gt  gt   foo r n  rstrip os linesep   foo r   gt  gt  gt    Use  foo  rstrip   r n   instead  as Mike says above

User · Answer

I might use something like this   import os s   s rstrip os linesep    I think the problem with rstrip   n   is that you ll probably want to make sure the line separator is portable   some antiquated systems are rumored to use   r n    The other gotcha is that rstrip will strip out repeated whitespace  Hopefully os linesep will contain the right characters  the above works for me

User · Answer

Note that rstrip doesn t act exactly like Perl s chomp   because it doesn t modify the string  That is  in Perl    x  a n    chomp  x   results in  x being  a    but in Python   x  a n   x rstrip     will mean that the value of x is still  a n   Even x x rstrip   doesn t always give the same result  as it strips all whitespace from the end of the string  not just one newline at most

User · Answer

s      Hello  World  t n r tHi There      import the module string    import string   use the method translate to convert  s translate  ord c   None for c in string whitespace   gt  gt  HelloWorldHiThere    With regex  s        Hello  World   t n r tHi     print re sub r  s        s   sep         s matches all white spaces  gt HelloWorldHi   Replace  n  t  r  s replace   n       replace   t      replace   r       gt    Hello  World Hi     With regex  s      Hello  World  t n r tHi There    regex   re compile r   n r t    regex sub     s   gt  Hello  World Hi There    with Join  s      Hello  World  t n r tHi There        join s split     gt  Hello  World Hi There

User · Answer

And I would say the  pythonic  way to get lines without trailing newline characters is splitlines      gt  gt  gt  text    line 1 nline 2 r nline 3 nline 4   gt  gt  gt  text splitlines     line 1    line 2    line 3    line 4

User · Answer

I m bubbling up my regular expression based answer from one I posted earlier in the comments of another answer   I think using re is a clearer more explicit solution to this problem than str rstrip    gt  gt  gt  import re   If you want to remove one or more trailing newline chars    gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r            nx r n     nx    If you want to remove newline chars everywhere  not just trailing     gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r           nx r n    x    If you want to remove only 1-2 trailing newline chars  i e    r   n   r n   n r   r r   n n    gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r  1 2           nx r n r n     nx r   gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r  1 2           nx r n r     nx r   gt  gt  gt  re sub r   n r  1 2           nx r n     nx    I have a feeling what most people really want here  is to remove just one occurrence of a trailing newline character  either  r n or  n and nothing more    gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx n n   count 1    nx n   gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx r n r n   count 1    nx r n   gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx r n   count 1    nx   gt  gt  gt  re sub r     r n  n           nx n   count 1    nx     The    is to create a non-capturing group     By the way this is not what       rstrip   n       rstrip   r       does which may not be clear to others stumbling upon this thread   str rstrip strips as many of the trailing characters as possible  so a string like foo n n n would result in a false positive of foo whereas you may have wanted to preserve the other newlines after stripping a single trailing one

User · Answer

And I would say the  pythonic  way to get lines without trailing newline characters is splitlines      gt  gt  gt  text    line 1 nline 2 r nline 3 nline 4   gt  gt  gt  text splitlines     line 1    line 2    line 3    line 4

User · Answer

I don t program in Python  but I came across an FAQ at python org advocating S rstrip   r n   for python 2 2 or later

User · Answer

You may use line   line rstrip   n    This will strip all newlines from the end of the string  not just one

User · Answer

Try the method rstrip    see doc Python 2 and Python 3   gt  gt  gt   test string n  rstrip    test string   Python s rstrip   method strips all kinds of trailing whitespace by default  not just one newline as Perl does with chomp   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip    test string   To strip only newlines   gt  gt  gt   test string  n  r n n r  n n  rstrip   n    test string  n  r n n r    There are also the methods strip    lstrip   and strip     gt  gt  gt  s    quot     n r n   n  abc   def  n r n   n   quot   gt  gt  gt  s strip    abc   def   gt  gt  gt  s lstrip    abc   def  n r n   n     gt  gt  gt  s rstrip        n r n   n  abc   def

[python] How can I remove a trailing newline?

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