How does JavaScript prototype work

Question

I m not that into dynamic programming languages but I ve written my fair share of JavaScript code  I never really got my head around this prototype-based programming  does any one know how this works  var obj   new Object    obj prototype test   function     alert  Hello        var obj2   new obj    obj2 test     I remember a lot discussion I had with people a while back  I m not exactly sure what I m doing  but as I understand it  there s no concept of a class  It s just an object  and instances of those objects are clones of the original  right  But what is the exact purpose of this  quot  prototype quot  property in JavaScript  How does it relate to instantiating objects  Update  correct way var obj   new Object       not a functional object obj prototype test   function     alert  Hello           this is wrong   function MyObject         a first class functional object MyObject prototype test   function     alert  OK         OK  Also these slides really helped a lot

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Another attempt to explain JavaScript prototype-based inheritance with better pictures

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Javascript doesn t have inheritance in the usual sense  but it has the prototype chain   prototype chain  If a member of an object can t be found in the object it looks for it in the prototype chain  The chain consists of other objects  The prototype of a given instance can be accessed with the   proto   variable  Every object has one  as there is no difference between classes and instances in javascript   The advantage of adding a function   variable to the prototype is that it has to be in the memory only once  not for every instance   It s also useful for inheritance  because the prototype chain can consist of many other objects

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Let me tell you my understanding of prototypes  I am not going to compare the inheritance here with other languages  I wish people would stop comparing languages  and just understand the language as itself  Understanding prototypes and prototypal inheritance is so simple  as I will show you below   Prototype is like a model  based on which you create a product  The crucial point to understand is that when you create an object using another object as it s prototype  the link between the prototype and the product is ever-lasting  For instance   var model    x 2   var product   Object create model   model y   5  product y   gt 5   Every object contains an internal property called the   prototype    which can be accessed by the Object getPrototypeOf   function  Object create model  creates a new object and sets it s   prototype   property to the object model  Hence when you do Object getPrototypeOf product   you will get the object model   Properties in the product are handled in the following way    When a property is accessed to just read it s value  its looked up in the scope chain  The search for the variable starts from the product upwards to it s prototype  If such a variable is found in the search  the search is stopped right there  and the value is returned  If such a variable cannot be found in the scope chain  undefined is returned  When a property is written altered   then the property is always written on the product object  If the product does not have such a property already  it is implicitly created and written    Such a linking of objects using the prototype property is called prototypal inheritance  There  it is so simple  agree

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another scheme showing   proto    prototype and constructor relations

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I always like analogies when it comes to understand this type of stuff   Prototypical inheritance  is pretty confusing in comparison to class bass inheritance in my opinion  even though prototypes are much simpler paradigm  In fact with prototypes  there really is no inheritance  so the name in and of itself misleading  it s more a type of  delegation    Imagine this       You re in high-school  and you re in class and have a quiz that s due today  but you don t have a pen to fill out your answers  Doh   You re sitting next to your friend Finnius  who might have a pen  You ask  and he looks around his desk unsuccessfully  but instead of saying  I don t have a pen   he s a nice friend he checks with his other friend Derp if he has a pen  Derp does indeed have a spare pen and passes it back to Finnius  who passes it over to you to complete your quiz  Derp has entrusted the pen to Finnius  who has delegated the pen to you for use   What is important here is that Derp does not give the pen to you  as you don t have a direct relationship with him   This  is a simplified example of how prototypes work  where a tree of data is searched for the thing you re looking for

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The concept of prototypal inheritance is one of the most complicated for many developers  Let s try to understand the root of problem to understand prototypal inheritance better  Let s start with a plain function      If we use a new operator on the Tree function  we call it as a constructor function      Every JavaScript function has a prototype  When you log the Tree prototype  you get       If you look at the above console log   output  you could a see a constructor property on Tree prototype and a   proto   property too  The   proto   represents the prototype that this function is based off  and since this is just a plain JavaScript function with no inheritance set up yet  it refers to the Object prototype which is something just built in to JavaScript     https   developer mozilla org en-US docs Web JavaScript Reference Global Objects Object prototype  This has things like  toString   toValue   hasOwnProperty etc       proto   which was brought my mozilla is deprecated and is replaced by Object getPrototypeOf method to get the object s prototype      Object getPrototypeOf Tree prototype      Object       Let s add a method to our Tree prototype      We have modified the Root and added a function branch to it      That means when you create an instance of Tree  you can call it s branch method     We can also add primitives or objects to our Prototype      Let s add a child-tree to our Tree      Here the Child inherits its prototype from Tree  what we are doing here is using Object create   method to create a new object based off what you pass  here it is Tree prototype  In this case what we re doing is setting the prototype of Child to a new object that looks identical to the Tree prototype  Next we are setting the Child s constructor to Child  if we don t it would point to Tree        Child now has its own prototype  its   proto   points to Tree and Tree s prototype points to base Object    Child               Tree prototype    - branch                              Object prototype       -toString       -valueOf       -etc   etc    Now you create an instance of Child and call branch which is originally available in Tree  We haven t actually defined our branch on the Child prototype  BUT  in the Root prototype which Child inherits from      In JS everything is not an object  everything can act like an object   Javascript has primitives like strings  number  booleans  undefined  null  They are not object i e reference types   but certainly can act like an object  Let s look at an example here     In the first line of this listing  a primitive string value is assigned to name  The second line treats name like an object and calls charAt 0  using dot notation   This is what happens behind the scenes     what the JavaScript engine does    The String object exists only for one statement before it   s destroyed  a process called autoboxing   Let s again get back to our prototypal inheritance     Javascript supports inheritance via delegation based on prototypes  Each Function has a prototype property  which refers to another object  properties functions are looked from the object itself or via prototype chain if it does not exist   A prototype in JS is an object which yields you to the parent of another object   ie   delegation  Delegation means that if you are unable to do something  you   ll tell someone else to do it for you     https   jsfiddle net say0tzpL 1   If you look up the above fiddle  dog has access to toString method  but its not available in it  but available via the prototype chain which delegates to Object prototype    If you look at the below one  we are trying to access the call method which is available in every function     https   jsfiddle net rknffckc   If you look up the above fiddle  Profile Function has access to call method  but its not available in it  but available via the prototype chain which delegates to Function prototype    Note  prototype is a property of the function constructor  whereas   proto   is a property of the objects constructed from the function constructor  Every function comes with a prototype property whose value is an empty object  When we create an instance of the function  we get an internal property   Prototype   or   proto   whose reference is the prototype of the Function constructor     The above diagram looks bit complicated  but brings out the whole picture on how prototype chaining works  Let s walk through this slowly   There are two instance b1 and b2  whose constructor is Bar and parent is Foo and has two methods from prototype chain identify and speak via Bar and Foo    https   jsfiddle net kbp7jr7n   If you look up the code above  we have Foo constructor who has the method identify   and Bar constructor which has speak method  We create two Bar instance b1 and b2 whose parent type is Foo  Now while calling speak method of Bar  we are able to identify the who is calling the speak via prototype chain      Bar now has all the methods of Foo which are defined in its prototype  Let s dig further in understanding the Object prototype and Function prototype and how they are related  If you look up the constructor of Foo  Bar and Object are Function constructor     The prototype of Bar is Foo  prototype of Foo is Object and if you look closely the prototype of Foo is related to Object prototype     Before we close this down  let s just wrap with a small piece of code here to summarize everything above  We are using instanceof operator here to check whether an object has in its prototype chain the prototype property of a constructor which below summarizes the entire big diagram      I hope this add s some information  I know this kinda could be big to grasp    in simple words its it s just objects linked to objects

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After reading this thread  I feel confused with JavaScript Prototype Chain  then I found these charts   http   iwiki readthedocs org en latest javascript js core html inheritance   it s a clear chart to show JavaScript Inheritance by Prototype Chain  and   http   www javascriptbank com javascript article JavaScript Classical Inheritance   this one contains a example with code and several nice diagrams      prototype chain ultimately falls back to Object prototype        prototype chain can be technically extended as long as you want  each time by setting the prototype of the subclass equal to an object of the parent class    Hope it s also helpful for you to understand JavaScript Prototype Chain

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This is a very simple prototype based object model that would be considered as a sample during the explanation  with no comment yet   function Person name       this name   name    Person prototype getName   function        console log this name     var person   new Person  George        There are some crucial points that we have to consider before going through the prototype concept   1- How JavaScript functions actually work   To take the first step we have to figure out  how JavaScript functions actually work   as a class like function using this keyword in it or just as a regular function with its arguments  what it does and what it returns   Let s say we want to create a Person object model  but in this step I m gonna be trying to do the same exact thing without using prototype and new keyword   So in this step functions  objects and this keyword  are all we have   The first question would be how this keyword could be useful without using new keyword   So to answer that let s say we have an empty object  and two functions like   var person       function Person name    this name   name      function getName        console log this name       and now without using new keyword how we could use these functions  So JavaScript has 3 different ways to do that   a  first way is just to call the function as a regular function   Person  George    getName     would print the  George  in the console   in this case  this would be the current context object  which is usually is the global  window object in the browser or GLOBAL in Node js  It means we would have  window name in browser or GLOBAL name in Node js  with  George  as its value   b  We can attach them to an object  as its properties  -The easiest way to do this is modifying the empty person object  like   person Person   Person  person getName   getName    this way we can call them like   person Person  George    person getName      -- gt  George    and now the person object is like   Object  Person  function  getName  function  name   George       -The other way to attach a property to an object is using the prototype of that object that can be find in any JavaScript object with the name of   proto    and I have tried to explain it a bit on the summary part  So we could get the similar result by doing   person   proto   Person   Person  person   proto   getName   getName    But this way what we actually are doing is modifying the Object prototype  because whenever we create a JavaScript object using literals            it gets created based on Object prototype  which means it gets attached to the newly created object as an attribute named   proto     so if we change it  as we have done on our previous code snippet  all the JavaScript objects would get changed  not a good practice  So what could be the better practice now   person   proto           Person  Person      getName  getName      and now other objects are in peace  but it still doesn t seem to be a good practice  So we have still one more solutions  but to use this solution we should get back to that line of code where person object got created  var person        then change it like   var propertiesObject         Person  Person      getName  getName    var person   Object create propertiesObject     what it does is creating a new JavaScript Object and attach the propertiesObject to the   proto   attribute  So to make sure you can do   console log person   proto     propertiesObject     true   But the tricky point here is you have access to all the properties defined in   proto   on the first level of the person object read the summary part for more detail      as you see using any of these two way this would exactly point to the person object   c  JavaScript has another way to provide the function with this  which is using call or apply to invoke the function      The apply   method calls a function with a given this value and   arguments provided as an array  or an array-like object     and     The call   method calls a function with a given this value and   arguments provided individually    this way which is my favorite  we can easily call our functions like   Person call person   George      or    apply is more useful when params count is not fixed Person apply person    George      getName call person      getName apply person     these 3 methods are the important initial steps to figure out the  prototype functionality     2- How does the new keyword work   this is the second step to understand the  prototype functionality this is what I use to simulate the process   function Person name    this name   name     my person prototype     getName  function    console log this name          in this part I m gonna be trying to take all the steps which JavaScript takes  without using the new keyword and prototype  when you use new keyword  so when we do new Person  George    Person function serves as a constructor  These are what JavaScript does  one by one   a  first of all it makes an empty object  basically an empty hash like   var newObject         b  the next step that JavaScript takes is to attach the all prototype objects to the newly created object  we have my person prototype here similar to the prototype object   for var key in my person prototype       newObject key    my person prototype key       It is not the way that JavaScript actually attaches the properties that are defined in the prototype  The actual way is related to the prototype chain concept     a   amp  b  Instead of these two steps you can have the exact same result by doing   var newObject   Object create my person prototype     here you can check out the   proto   attribute console log newObject   proto       my person prototype     true   and also check if you have access to your desired properties console log typeof newObject getName     function    now we can call the getName function in our my person prototype   newObject getName      c  then it gives that object to the constructor   we can do this with our sample like   Person call newObject   George      or  Person apply newObject    George       then the constructor can do whatever it wants  because this inside of that constructor is the object that was just created   now the end result before simulating the other steps      Object  name   George      Summary   Basically  when you use the new keyword on a function  you are calling on that and that function serves as a constructor  so when you say   new FunctionName     JavaScript internally makes an object  an empty hash and then it gives that object to the constructor  then the constructor can do whatever it wants  because this inside of that constructor is the object that was just created and then it gives you that object of course if you haven t used the return statement in your function or if you ve put a return undefined  at the end of your function body   So when JavaScript goes to look up a property on an object  the first thing it does  is it looks it up on that object  And then there is a secret property   prototype   which we usually have it like   proto   and that property is what JavaScript looks at next  And when it looks through the   proto    as far as it is again another JavaScript object  it has its own   proto   attribute  it goes up and up until it gets to the point where the next   proto   is null  The point is the only object in JavaScript that its   proto   attribute is null is Object prototype object   console log Object prototype   proto     null    true   and that s how inheritance works in JavaScript     In other words  when you have a prototype property on a function and you call a new on that  after JavaScript finishes looking at that newly created object for properties  it will go look at the function s  prototype and also it is possible that this object has its own internal prototype  and so on

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I found it helpful to explain the  prototype chain  as recursive convention when obj n prop X is being referenced   if obj n prop X doesn t exist  check obj n 1 prop X where obj n 1   obj n   prototype    If the prop X is finally found in the k-th prototype object then  obj 1 prop X   obj 1   prototype     prototype     k-times     prototype   prop X  You can find a graph of the relation of Javascript objects by their properties here       http   jsobjects org

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It s important to understand that there is a distinction between an object s prototype  which is available via Object getPrototypeOf obj   or via the deprecated   proto   property  and the prototype property on constructor functions  The former is the property on each instance  and the latter is the property on the constructor  That is  Object getPrototypeOf new Foobar    refers to the same object as Foobar prototype    Reference  https   developer mozilla org en-US docs Learn JavaScript Objects Object prototypes

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If you want to understand the concept of prototype and prototype based inheritance from the basics  check the official MDN docs  they explain it pretty well  https   developer mozilla org en-US docs Web JavaScript Inheritance and the prototype chain  When it comes to inheritance  JavaScript only has one construct  objects  Each object has a private property which holds a link to another object called its prototype  That prototype object has a prototype of its own  and so on until an object is reached with null as its prototype  By definition  null has no prototype  and acts as the final link in this prototype chain   Also  here s another good resource that explains using simple examples - https   developer mozilla org en-US docs Learn JavaScript Objects Object prototypes

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prototype allows you to make classes  if you do not use prototype then it becomes a static   Here is a short example   var obj   new Object    obj test   function     alert  Hello          In the above case  you have static funcation call test  This function can be accessed only by obj test where you can imagine obj to be a class   where as in the below code  function obj        obj prototype test   function     alert  Hello        var obj2   new obj    obj2 test      The obj has become a class which can now be instantiated  Multiple instances of obj can exist and they all have the test function   The above is my understanding  I am making it a community wiki  so people can correct me if I am wrong

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what is the exact purpose of this   prototype  property    The interface to standard classes become extensible  For example  you are using the Array class and you also need to add a custom serializer for all your array objects  Would you spend time coding up a subclass  or use composition or     The prototype property solves this by letting the users control the exact set of members methods available to a class   Think of prototypes as an extra vtable-pointer  When some members are missing from the original class  the prototype is looked up at runtime

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In a language implementing classical inheritance like Java  C  or C   you start by creating a class--a blueprint for your objects--and then you can create new objects from that class or you can extend the class  defining a new class that augments the original class   In JavaScript you first create an object  there is no concept of class   then you can augment your own object or create new objects from it  It s not difficult  but a little foreign and hard to metabolize for somebody used to the classical way   Example    x000D   x000D    Define a functional object to hold persons in JavaScript x000D  var Person   function name    x000D    this name   name  x000D     x000D   x000D    Add dynamically to the already defined object a new getter x000D  Person prototype getName   function     x000D    return this name  x000D     x000D   x000D    Create a new object of type Person x000D  var john   new Person  John    x000D   x000D    Try the getter x000D  alert john getName     x000D   x000D    If now I modify person  also John gets the updates x000D  Person prototype sayMyName   function     x000D    alert  Hello  my name is     this getName     x000D     x000D   x000D    Call the new method on john x000D  john sayMyName    x000D   x000D   x000D    Until now I ve been extending the base object  now I create another object and then inheriting from Person     Create a new object of type Customer by defining its constructor  It s not    related to Person for now  var Customer   function name        this name   name        Now I link the objects and to do so  we link the prototype of Customer to    a new instance of Person  The prototype is the base that will be used to    construct all new instances and also  will modify dynamically all already    constructed objects because in JavaScript objects retain a pointer to the    prototype Customer prototype   new Person            Now I can call the methods of Person on the Customer  let s try  first    I need to create a Customer  var myCustomer   new Customer  Dream Inc     myCustomer sayMyName       If I add new methods to Person  they will be added to Customer  but if I   add new methods to Customer they won t be added to Person  Example  Customer prototype setAmountDue   function amountDue        this amountDue   amountDue     Customer prototype getAmountDue   function         return this amountDue        Let s try         myCustomer setAmountDue 2000   alert myCustomer getAmountDue        x000D   x000D  var Person   function  name    x000D      this name   name  x000D     x000D  Person prototype getName   function      x000D      return this name  x000D     x000D  var john   new Person  John    x000D  alert john getName     x000D  Person prototype sayMyName   function      x000D      alert  Hello  my name is     this getName     x000D     x000D  john sayMyName    x000D  var Customer   function  name    x000D      this name   name  x000D     x000D  Customer prototype   new Person    x000D   x000D  var myCustomer   new Customer  Dream Inc     x000D  myCustomer sayMyName    x000D  Customer prototype setAmountDue   function  amountDue    x000D      this amountDue   amountDue  x000D     x000D  Customer prototype getAmountDue   function      x000D      return this amountDue  x000D     x000D  myCustomer setAmountDue 2000   x000D  alert myCustomer getAmountDue     x000D   x000D   x000D    While as said I can t call setAmountDue    getAmountDue   on a Person     The following statement generates an error  john setAmountDue 1000

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The Definitive Guide to Object-Oriented JavaScript - a very concise and clear  30min video explanation of the asked question  Prototypal Inheritance topic begins from 5 45  although I d rather listen to the whole video   The author of this video also made JavaScript object visualizer website http   www objectplayground com

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It may help to categorise prototype chains into two categories   Consider the constructor    function Person        The value of Object getPrototypeOf Person  is a function  In fact  it is Function prototype  Since Person was created as a function  it shares the same prototype function object that all functions have  It is the same as Person   proto    but that property should not be used  Anyway  with Object getPrototypeOf Person  you effectively walk up the ladder of what is called the prototype chain   The chain in upward direction looks like this    nbsp  nbsp  nbsp  nbsp Person   Function prototype   Object prototype  end point   Important is that this prototype chain has little to do with the objects that Person can construct  Those constructed objects have their own prototype chain  and this chain can potentially have no close ancestor in common with the one mentioned above   Take for example this object   var p   new Person      p has no direct prototype-chain relationship with Person  Their relationship is a different one  The object p has its own prototype chain  Using Object getPrototypeOf  you ll find the chain is as follows    nbsp  nbsp  nbsp  nbsp p   Person prototype   Object prototype  end point   There is no function object in this chain  although that could be    So Person seems related to two kinds of chains  which live their own lives  To  jump  from one chain to the other  you use     prototype  jump from the constructor s chain to the created-object s chain  This property is thus only defined for function objects  as new can only be used on functions    constructor  jump from the created-object s chain to the constructor s chain    Here is a visual presentation of the two prototype chains involved  represented as columns     To summarise      The prototype property gives no information of the subject s prototype chain  but of objects created by the subject     It is no surprise that the name of the property prototype can lead to confusion  It would maybe have been clearer if this property had been named prototypeOfConstructedInstances or something along that line   You can jump back and forth between the two prototype chains   Person prototype constructor     Person   This symmetry can be broken by explicitly assigning a different object to the prototype property  more about that later    Create one Function  Get Two Objects  Person prototype is an object that was created at the same time the function Person was created  It has Person as constructor  even though that constructor did not actually execute yet  So two objects are created at the same time    The function Person itself The object that will act as prototype when the function is called as a constructor   Both are objects  but they have different roles  the function object constructs  while the other object represents the prototype of any object that function will construct  The prototype object will become the parent of the constructed object in its prototype chain   Since a function is also an object  it also has its own parent in its own prototype chain  but recall that these two chains are about different things    Here are some equalities that could help grasp the issue -- all of these print true    x000D   x000D  function Person       x000D   x000D     This is prototype chain info for the constructor  the function object   x000D  console log Object getPrototypeOf Person      Function prototype   x000D     Step further up in the same hierarchy  x000D  console log Object getPrototypeOf Function prototype      Object prototype   x000D  console log Object getPrototypeOf Object prototype      null   x000D  console log Person   proto       Function prototype   x000D     Here we swap lanes  and look at the constructor of the constructor x000D  console log Person constructor     Function   x000D  console log Person instanceof Function   x000D   x000D     Person prototype was created by Person  at the time of its creation  x000D     Here we swap lanes back and forth  x000D  console log Person prototype constructor     Person   x000D     Although it is not an instance of it  x000D  console log   Person prototype instanceof Person    x000D     Instances are objects created by the constructor  x000D  var p   new Person    x000D     Similarly to what was shown for the constructor  here we have x000D     the same for the object created by the constructor  x000D  console log Object getPrototypeOf p      Person prototype   x000D  console log p   proto       Person prototype   x000D     Here we swap lanes  and look at the constructor x000D  console log p constructor     Person   x000D  console log p instanceof Person   x000D   x000D   x000D    Adding levels to the prototype chain  Although a prototype object is created when you create a constructor function  you can ignore that object  and assign another object that should be used as prototype for any subsequent instances created by that constructor   For instance   function Thief       var p   new Person    Thief prototype   p     this determines the prototype for any new Thief objects  var t   new Thief      Now the prototype chain of t is one step longer than that of p    nbsp  nbsp  nbsp  nbsp t   p   Person prototype   Object prototype  end point   The other prototype chain is not longer  Thief and Person are siblings sharing the same parent in their prototype chain    nbsp  nbsp  nbsp  nbsp Person   nbsp  nbsp  nbsp  nbsp Thief nbsp      Function prototype   Object prototype  end point   The earlier presented graphic can then be extended to this  the original Thief prototype is left out      The blue lines represent prototype chains  the other coloured lines represent other relationships    between an object and its constructor between a constructor and the prototype object that will be used for constructing objects

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Every object has an internal property    Prototype    linking it to another object   object   Prototype     anotherObject   In traditional javascript  the linked object is the prototype property of a function   object   Prototype     aFunction prototype   Some environments expose   Prototype   as   proto     anObject   proto       anotherObject   You create the   Prototype   link when creating an object       1  Object create  var object   Object create anotherObject     object   proto     anotherObject      2  ES6 object initializer  var object       proto    anotherObject       object   proto     anotherObject      3  Traditional JavaScript  var object   new aFunction     object   proto     aFunction prototype   So these statements are equivalent   var object   Object create Object prototype   var object       proto    Object prototype       ES6 only var object   new Object    You can t actually see the link target  Object prototype  in a new statement  instead the target is implied by the constructor  Object    Remember    Every object has a link    Prototype    sometimes exposed as   proto    Every function has a prototype property  initially holding an empty object  Objects created with new are linked to the prototype property of their constructor  If a function is never used as a constructor  its prototype property will go unused  If you don t need a constructor  use Object create instead of new

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The seven Koans of prototype  As Ciro San descended Mount Fire Fox after deep meditation  his mind was clear and peaceful   His hand however  was restless  and by itself grabbed a brush and jotted down the following notes     0  Two different things can be called  prototype     the prototype property  as in obj prototype the prototype internal property  denoted as   Prototype   in ES5   It can be retrieved via the ES5 Object getPrototypeOf     Firefox makes it accessible through the   proto   property as an extension  ES6 now mentions some optional requirements for   proto        1  Those concepts exist to answer the question      When I do obj property  where does JS look for  property    Intuitively  classical inheritance should affect property lookup     2      proto   is used for the dot   property lookup as in obj property    prototype is not used for lookup directly  only indirectly as it determines   proto   at object creation with new    Lookup order is    obj properties added with obj p       or Object defineProperty obj       properties of obj   proto   properties of obj   proto     proto    and so on if some   proto   is null  return undefined    This is the so-called prototype chain   You can avoid   lookup with obj hasOwnProperty  key   and Object getOwnPropertyNames f     3  There are two main ways to set obj   proto      new   var F   function      var f   new F     then new has set   f   proto       F prototype   This is where  prototype gets used  Object create    f   Object create proto    sets   f   proto       proto      4  The code   var F   function i    this i   i   var f   new F 1    Corresponds to the following diagram  some Number stuff is omitted     Function           F                                          f ----- gt  1                                                                     i                                                                                                       -------------------------                               constructor                                                                               --------------                                                                                                                                                                                               Prototype        Prototype      prototype    constructor      Prototype                                                                                                                                                                                             ----------                                                                                                                                            -----------------------                                                                                      v                v                v   v                                   Function prototype                F prototype                                                                                                                                                                                    Prototype                         Prototype              Prototype                                                                                                                                                            -------------------------------                                                                                                                  v v                                                                    v  Object prototype                                         Number prototype                      ---------------------------                                         --------------                                                                                           Prototype      constructor    prototype                                                                                           -------------                         v                v    null             Object    This diagram shows many language predefined object nodes    null Object Object prototype Function Function prototype 1 Number prototype  can be found with  1    proto    parenthesis mandatory to satisfy syntax    Our 2 lines of code only created the following new objects    f F F prototype   i is now a property of f because when you do   var f   new F 1    it evaluates F with this being the value that new will return  which then gets assigned to f     5   constructor normally comes from F prototype through the   lookup   f constructor     F  f hasOwnProperty  constructor   Object getPrototypeOf f      F prototype F prototype hasOwnProperty  constructor   F prototype constructor     f constructor   When we write f constructor  JavaScript does the   lookup as    f does not have  constructor f   proto       F prototype has  constructor     F  so take it   The result f constructor    F is intuitively correct  since F is used to construct f  e g  set fields  much like in classic OOP languages      6  Classical inheritance syntax can be achieved by manipulating prototypes chains   ES6 adds the class and extends keywords  which are mostly syntax sugar for previously possible prototype manipulation madness   class C       constructor i            this i   i           inc             return this i   1          class D extends C       constructor i            super i            inc2             return this i   2                Inheritance syntax works as expected  c   new C 1  c inc       2  new D 1   inc       2  new D 1   inc2       3         Classes  are just function objects  C constructor     Function C   proto       Function prototype D constructor     Function    D is a function  indirectly  through the chain  D   proto       C D   proto     proto       Function prototype         extends  sets up the prototype chain so that base class    lookups will work as expected var d   new D 1  d   proto       D prototype D prototype   proto       C prototype    This is what  d inc  actually does  d   proto     proto   inc     C prototype inc        Class variables    No ES6 syntax sugar apparently     http   stackoverflow com questions 22528967 es6-class-variable-alternatives C c   1 C c     1    Because  D   proto       C   D c     1    Nothing makes this work  d c     undefined   Simplified diagram without all predefined objects    c ----- gt  1       i           Prototype          v      proto    C  lt -------------- D           d                                                                       prototype        prototype     Prototype                                                                                            ---------                                                                   v v    Prototype       D prototype -------- gt   inc2 function object                                   inc2                                            Prototype                                                  --------------                v v    C prototype ------- gt  inc function object                   inc v Function prototype   Let s take a moment to study how the following works   c   new C 1  c inc       2   The first line sets c i to 1 as explained in  4     On the second line  when we do   c inc       inc is found through the   Prototype   chain  c -  C -  C prototype -  inc when we call a function in Javascript as X Y    JavaScript automatically sets this to equal X inside the Y   function call     The exact same logic also explains d inc and d inc2   This article https   javascript info class not-just-a-syntax-sugar mentions further effects of class worth knowing  Some of them may not be achievable without the class keyword  TODO check which       FunctionKind    classConstructor   which forces the constructor to be called with new  What is the reason ES6 class constructors can  39 t be called as normal functions  Class methods are non-enumerable  Can be done with Object defineProperty  Classes always use strict  Can be done with an explicit use strict for every function  which is admittedly tedious

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When a constructor creates an object  that object implicitly references the constructor   s    prototype    property for the purpose of resolving property references  The constructor   s    prototype    property can be referenced by the program expression constructor prototype  and properties added to an object   s prototype are shared  through inheritance  by all objects sharing the prototype

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This article is long  But I am sure it will clear most of your queries  regarding the  prototypical  nature of JavaScript Inheritance  And even more  Please read the complete article   JavaScript basically has two kinds of data types   Non objects  Objects   Non objects  Following are the Non object data types   string number  including NaN and Infinity  boolean values true false   undefined   These data types return following when you use the typeof operator   typeof  string literal   or a variable containing string literal        string   typeof 5  or any numeric literal or a variable containing numeric literal or NaN or Infynity        number   typeof true  or false or a variable containing true or false        boolean   typeof undefined  or an undefined variable or a variable containing undefined       undefined   The string number and boolean data types can be represented both as Objects and Non objects When they are represented as objects their typeof is always      object   We shall come back to this once we understand the object data types   Objects  The object datatypes can be further divided into two types   Function type objects Non Function type objects   The Function type objects are the ones that return the string  function  with typeof operator   All the user defined functions and all the JavaScript built in objects that can create new objects by using new operator fall into this category  For eg    Object String  Number   Boolean Array  Typed Arrays RegExp Function  All the other built in objects that can create new objects by using new operator function UserDefinedFunction      user defined code        So  typeof Object      typeof String      typeof Number      typeof Boolean      typeof Array       typeof RegExp      typeof Function       typeof UserDefinedFunction       function   All the Function type objects are actually instances of the built in JavaScript object Function  including the Function object i e it is recursively defined   It is as if the these objects have been defined in the following way  var Object  new Function   native code for object Object   var String  new Function   native code for object String   var Number  new Function   native code for object Number   var Boolean  new Function   native code for object Boolean   var Array  new Function   native code for object Array   var RegExp  new Function   native code for object RegExp   var Function  new Function   native code  for object Function   var UserDefinedFunction  new Function   user defined code     As mentioned  the Function type objects can further create new objects using the new operator  For e g an object of type Object  String  Number  Boolean  Array  RegExp  Or UserDefinedFunction can be created by using  var a new Object   or var a Object   or var a      Create object of type Object var a new String     Create object of type String var a new Number     Create object of type Number var a new Boolean     Create object of type Boolean var a new Array   or var a Array   or var a       Create object of type Array var a new RegExp   or var a RegExp     Create object of type RegExp var a new UserDefinedFunction      The objects thus created are all Non Function type objects and return their typeof    object   In all these cases the object  a  cannot further create  objects using operator new  So the following is wrong  var b new a     error  a is not typeof    function    The built in object Math is typeof    object   Hence a new object of type Math cannot be created by new operator   var b new Math     error  Math is not typeof    function    Also notice that Object Array and RegExp functions can create a new object without even using operator new  However the follwing ones don t   var a String      Create a new Non Object string  returns a typeof    string   var a Number      Create a new Non Object Number  returns a typeof    number  var a Boolean     Create a new Non Object Boolean  returns a typeof    boolean    The user defined functions are special case    var a UserDefinedFunction     may or may not create an object of type UserDefinedFunction   based on how it is defined    Since the Function type objects can create new objects they are also called Constructors   Every Constructor Function  whether built in or user defined  when defined automatically has a property called  prototype  whose value by default is set as an object  This object itself has a property called  constructor  which by default references back the Constructor Function    For example when we define a function  function UserDefinedFunction         following automatically happens  UserDefinedFunction prototype  constructor UserDefinedFunction    This  prototype  property is only present in the Function type objects   and never in Non Function type objects     This is because when a new object is created  using new operator it inherits all properties and methods from Constructor function s current prototype object i e  an internal reference is created in the newly created object that references the object referenced by Constructor function s current prototype object   This  internal reference  that is created in the object for referencing inherited properties is known as the object s prototype  which references the object referenced by Constructor s  prototype  property but is different from it   For any object  Function or Non Function  this can be retrieved using Object getPrototypeOf   method  Using this method one can trace the prototype chain of an object    Also  every object that is created  Function type or Non Function type  has a  constructor  property which is inherited from the object referenced by prototype  property of the Constructor function  By default this  constructor  property references the Constructor function that created it  if the Constructor Function s default  prototype  is not changed     For all Function type objects the constructor function is always function Function      For Non Function type objects  e g Javascript Built in  Math object  the constructor function is the function that created it  For Math object it is function Object        All the concept explained above can be a little daunting to understand without any supporting code  Please go through the following code line by line to understand the concept  Try to execute it to have a better understanding   function UserDefinedFunction              creating the above function automatically does the following as mentioned earlier  UserDefinedFunction prototype  constructor UserDefinedFunction        var newObj 1 new UserDefinedFunction    alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 1    UserDefinedFunction prototype     Displays true  alert newObj 1 constructor    Displays function UserDefinedFunction    Create a new property in UserDefinedFunction prototype object  UserDefinedFunction prototype TestProperty  test   alert newObj 1 TestProperty    Displays  test   alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 1  TestProperty    Displays  test     Create a new Object  var objA             property1    Property1           constructor Array        assign a new object to UserDefinedFunction prototype UserDefinedFunction prototype objA  alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 1    UserDefinedFunction prototype     Displays false  The object referenced by UserDefinedFunction prototype has changed    The internal reference does not change alert newObj 1 constructor     This shall still Display function UserDefinedFunction  alert newObj 1 TestProperty    This shall still Display  test    alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 1  TestProperty    This shall still Display  test      Create another object of type UserDefinedFunction var newObj 2  new UserDefinedFunction     alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 2    objA    Displays true   alert newObj 2 constructor    Displays function Array    alert newObj 2 property1    Displays  Property1   alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 2  property1    Displays  Property1     Create a new property in objA objA property2  property2   alert objA property2    Displays  Property2   alert UserDefinedFunction prototype property2    Displays  Property2   alert newObj 2 property2     Displays Property2  alert Object getPrototypeOf newObj 2  property2    Displays   Property2    The prototype chain of every object ultimately traces back to Object prototype  which itself does not have any prototype object    Following code can be used for tracing the prototype chain of an object  var o Starting object   do       alert o     n    Object getOwnPropertyNames o     while o Object getPrototypeOf o     The prototype chain for various objects work out as follows    Every Function object  including built in Function object -  Function prototype -  Object prototype -  null    Simple Objects  created By new Object   or    including built in Math  object -    Object prototype -  null Object created with new or Object create -  One or More prototype chains -  Object prototype -  null   For creating an object without any prototype use the following   var o Object create null  alert Object getPrototypeOf o     Displays null   One might think that setting the prototype property of the Constructor to null shall create an object with a null prototype  However in such cases the newly created object s prototype is set to Object prototype and its constructor is set to function Object  This is demonstrated by the following code  function UserDefinedFunction     UserDefinedFunction prototype null   Can be set to any non object value  number string undefined etc    var o new UserDefinedFunction   alert Object getPrototypeOf o   Object prototype      Displays true alert o constructor       Displays Function Object   Following in the summary of this article   There are two types of objects Function types and Non Function types Only Function type objects can create a new object using the operator new  The objects thus created are Non Function type objects  The Non Function type objects cannot further create an object using operator new  All Function type objects by default have a  prototype  property  This  prototype  property references an object that has a  constructor  property that by default references the Function type object itself    All objects  Function type and Non Function type  have a  constructor  property that by default references the Function type object Constructor that created it  Every object that gets created internally references the object referenced by  prototype  property of the Constructor that created it  This object is known as the created object s prototype  which is different from Function type objects  prototype  property which it references    This way the created object can directly access the methods and properties defined in object referenced by the Constructor s  prototype  property  at the time of object creation   An object s prototype  and hence its inherited property names  can be retrieved using the Object getPrototypeOf     method  In fact this method  can be used for navigating the entire prototype chain of the object  The prototype chain of every object ultimately traces back to Object prototype  Unless the object is created using Object create null  in which case the object has no prototype   typeof new Array       object  is by design of language and not a mistake as pointed by Douglas Crockford   Setting the prototype property of the Constructor to null or undefined number true false string  shall not create an object with a null prototype  In such cases the newly created object s prototype is set to Object prototype and its constructor is set to function Object     Hope this helps

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The Prototype creates new object by cloning existing object  So really when we think about prototype we can really think cloning or making a copy of something instead of making it up

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It s just that you already have an object with Object new but you still don t have an object when using the constructor syntax

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Summary    Functions are objects in javascript and thus can have properties  Constructor  functions always have a prototype property When a function is used as a constructor with the new keyword the object gets  prototype  A reference to this prototype can be found on the   proto   property of the newly created object  This   proto   property refers to the prototype property of the constructor function    Example    x000D   x000D  function Person  name    x000D    this name   name  x000D    x000D   x000D  let me   new Person  willem    x000D   x000D  console log Person prototype     Person has a prototype property x000D   x000D  console log Person prototype     me   proto       the   proto   property of the instance refers to prototype property of the function  x000D   x000D   x000D    Why is this usefull   Javascript has a mechanism when looking up properties on Objects which is called  prototypal inheritance   here is what is basically does    First is checked if the property is located on the Object itself  If so this property is returned  If the property is not located on the object itself it will  climb up the protochain   It basically looks at the object referred to by the proto property  There it checks if the property is available on the object referred to by proto If the property isn t located on the proto object it will climb up the proto chain all the way up to Object object  If it cannot find the property nowhere on the object and its prototype chain it will return undefined    For example    x000D   x000D  function Person name    x000D    this name   name  x000D    x000D   x000D  let mySelf   new Person  Willem    x000D   x000D  console log mySelf   proto       Person prototype   x000D   x000D  console log mySelf   proto     proto       Object prototype   x000D   x000D   x000D    Update   The    proto   property has been deprecated  although it is implemented in most modern browsers a better way to obtain the prototype object reference would be   Object getPrototypeOf

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There s two distinct but related entities here that need explaining    The  prototype property of functions  The   Prototype   1  property of all objects 2      These are two different things    The   Prototype   property   This is a property that exists on all 2  objects   What s stored here is another object  which  as an object itself  has a   Prototype   of its own that points to another object  That other object has a   Prototype   of its own  This story continues until you reach the prototypical object that provides methods that are accessible on all objects  like  toString    The   Prototype   property is part of what forms the   Prototype   chain  This chain of   Prototype   objects is what is examined when  for example    Get   or   Set   operations are performed on an object   var obj      obj a              Get   consults prototype chain obj b   20         Set   consults prototype chain   The  prototype property   This is a property that is only found on functions  Using a very simple function   function Bar        The  prototype property holds an object that will be assigned to b   Prototype   when you do var b   new Bar  You can easily examine this      Both assign Bar prototype to b1 b2  Prototype   var b   new Bar     Object getPrototypeOf grabs the objects   Prototype   console log Object getPrototypeOf b      Bar prototype     true   One of the most important  prototypes is that of the Object function  This prototype holds the prototypical object that all   Prototype   chains contain  On it  all the available methods for new objects are defined      Get properties that are defined on this object console log Object getOwnPropertyDescriptors Object prototype     Now  since  prototype is an object  it has a   Prototype   property  When you don t make any assignments to Function prototype  the  prototype s   Prototype   points to the prototypical object  Object prototype   This is automatically performed anytime you create a new function    This way  any time you do new Bar  the prototype chain is set up for you  you get everything defined on Bar prototype and everything defined on Object prototype   var b   new Bar     Get all Bar prototype properties console log b   proto       Bar prototype     Get all Object prototype properties console log b   proto     proto       Object prototype    When you do make assignments to Function prototype all you are doing is extending the prototype chain to include another object  It s like an insertion in a singly linked list    This basically alters the   Prototype   chain allowing properties that are defined on the object assigned to Function prototype to be seen by any object created by the function      1  That won t confuse anyone  made available via the   proto   property in many implementations   2   All except null

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Consider the following keyValueStore object    var keyValueStore    function         var count   0      var kvs   function             count            this data               this get   function key    return this data key              this set   function key  value    this data key    value             this delete   function key    delete this data key              this getLength   function                 var l   0              for  p in this data  l                return l                        return       Singleton public properties          create    function     return new kvs                count    function     return count                   I can create a new instance of this object by doing this    kvs   keyValueStore create      Each instance of this object would have the following public properties     data get  set delete getLength   Now  suppose we create 100 instances of this keyValueStore object  Even though get  set  delete  getLength will do the exact same thing for each of these 100 instances  every instance has its own copy of this function   Now  imagine if you could have just a single get  set  delete and getLength copy  and each instance would reference that same function  This would be better for performance and require less memory   That s where prototypes come in  A prototype is a  blueprint  of properties that is inherited but not copied by instances  So this means that it exists only once in memory for all instances of an object and is shared by all of those instances   Now  consider the keyValueStore object again  I could rewrite it like this    var keyValueStore    function         var count   0      var kvs   function             count            this data                   kvs prototype              get    function key    return this data key               set    function key  value    this data key    value              delete    function key    delete this data key               getLength    function                 var l   0              for  p in this data  l                return l                        return             create    function     return new kvs                count    function     return count                   This does EXACTLY the same as the previous version of the keyValueStore object  except that all of its methods are now put in a prototype  What this means  is that all of the 100 instances now share these four methods instead of each having their own copy

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Every JavaScript object has an internal  slot  called   Prototype   whose value is either null or an object  You can think of a slot as a property on an object  internal to the JavaScript engine  hidden from the code you write  The square brackets around   Prototype   are deliberate  and are an ECMAScript specification convention to denote internal slots    The value pointed at by the   Prototype   of an object  is colloquially known as  the prototype of that object     If you access a property via the dot  obj propName  or bracket  obj  propName    notation  and the object does not directly have such a property  ie  an own property  checkable via obj hasOwnProperty  propName     the runtime looks for a property with that name on the object referenced by the   Prototype   instead  If the   Prototype   also does not have such a property  its   Prototype   is checked in turn  and so on  In this way  the original object s prototype chain is walked until a match is found  or its end is reached  At the top of the prototype chain is the null value   Modern JavaScript implementations allow read and or write access to the   Prototype   in the following ways    The new operator  configures the prototype chain on the default object returned from a constructor function   The extends keyword  configures the prototype chain when using the class syntax   Object create will set the supplied argument as the   Prototype   of the resulting object  Object getPrototypeOf and Object setPrototypeOf  get set the   Prototype   after object creation   and The standardized accessor  ie  getter setter  property named   proto    similar to 4     Object getPrototypeOf and Object setPrototypeOf are preferred over   proto    in part because the behavior of o   proto   is unusual when an object has a prototype of null   An object s   Prototype   is initially set during object creation   If you create a new object via new Func    the object s   Prototype   will  by default  be set to the object referenced by Func prototype   Note that  therefore  all classes  and all functions that can be used with the new operator  have a property named  prototype in addition to their own   Prototype   internal slot  This dual use of the word  prototype  is the source of endless confusion amongst newcomers to the language   Using new with constructor functions allows us to simulate classical inheritance in JavaScript  although JavaScript s inheritance system is - as we have seen - prototypical  and not class-based   Prior to the introduction of class syntax to JavaScript  constructor functions were the only way to simulate classes  We can think of properties of the object referenced by the constructor function s  prototype property as shared members  ie  members which are the same for each instance  In class-based systems  methods are implemented the same way for each instance  so methods are conceptually added to the  prototype property  an object s fields  however  are instance-specific and are therefore added to the object itself during construction   Without the class syntax  developers had to manually configure the prototype chain to achieve similar functionality to classical inheritance  This led to a preponderance of different ways to achieve this    Here s one way   function Child      function Parent      Parent prototype inheritedMethod   function      return  this is inherited     function inherit child  parent      child prototype   Object create parent prototype    child prototype constructor   child   return child     Child   inherit Child  Parent  const o   new Child console log o inheritedMethod        this is inherited       and here s another way   function Child      function Parent      Parent prototype inheritedMethod   function      return  this is inherited     function inherit child  parent        function tmp          tmp prototype   parent prototype     const proto   new tmp       proto constructor   child     child prototype   proto     return child    Child   inherit Child  Parent  const o   new Child console log o inheritedMethod        this is inherited    The class syntax introduced in ES2015 simplifies things  by providing extends as the  one true way  to configure the prototype chain in order to simulate classical inheritance in JavaScript   So  similar to the code above  if you use the class syntax to create a new object like so   class Parent   inheritedMethod     return  this is inherited      class Child extends Parent     const o   new Child console log o inheritedMethod        this is inherited       the resulting object s   Prototype   will be set to an instance of Parent  whose   Prototype    in turn  is Parent prototype   Finally  if you create a new object via Object create foo   the resulting object s   Prototype   will be set to foo

[javascript] How does JavaScript .prototype work?

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