[http] What is the difference between HTTP and REST?

After reading a lot about the differences between REST and SOAP, I got the impression that REST is just another word for HTTP. Can someone explain what functionality REST adds to HTTP?

Note: I'm not looking for a comparison of REST versus SOAP.

Update: Thanks for your answers. Now it has become clear to me that REST is just a set of rules about how to use HTTP. Hence I posted a follow-up about what the advantages of these conventions are .

Note: I now grasp the meaning of REST; as Emil Ivanov remarks, REST means using HTTP the way it's meant to be. However, I'm not sure whether this deserves a term of its own, and I certainly don't get the hype around it.

As I understand it, REST enforces the use of the available HTTP commands as they were meant to be used.

For example, I could do:

GET
http://example.com?method=delete&item=xxx

But with rest I would use the "DELETE" request method, removing the need for the "method" query param

DELETE
http://example.com?item=xxx

Not quite...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer

REST was initially described in the context of HTTP, but is not limited to that protocol. RESTful architectures can be based on other Application Layer protocols if they already provide a rich and uniform vocabulary for applications based on the transfer of meaningful representational state. RESTful applications maximise the use of the pre-existing, well-defined interface and other built-in capabilities provided by the chosen network protocol, and minimise the addition of new application-specific features on top of it.

http://www.looselycoupled.com/glossary/SOAP

(Simple Object Access Protocol) The standard for web services messages. Based on XML, SOAP defines an envelope format and various rules for describing its contents. Seen (with WSDL and UDDI) as one of the three foundation standards of web services, it is the preferred protocol for exchanging web services, but by no means the only one; proponents of REST say that it adds unnecessary complexity.

REST is not necessarily tied to HTTP. RESTful web services are just web services that follow a RESTful architecture.

What is Rest -
1- Client-server
2- Stateless
3- Cacheable
4- Layered system
5- Code on demand
6- Uniform interface

HTTP is a contract, a communication protocol and REST is a concept, an architectural style which may use HTTP, FTP or other communication protocols but is widely used with HTTP.

REST implies a series of constraints about how Server and Client should interact. HTTP is a communication protocol with a given mechanism for server-client data transfer, it's most commonly used in REST API just because REST was inspired by WWW (world wide web) which largely used HTTP before REST was defined, so it's easier to implement REST API style with HTTP.

There are three major constraints in REST (but there are more):

1. Interaction between server and client should be described via hypertext only.

2. Server and client should be loosely coupled and make no assumptions about each other. Client should only know resource entry point. Interaction data should be provided by the server in the response.

3. Server shouldn't store any information about request context. Requests must be independent and idempotent (means if same request is repeated infinitely, exactly same result is retrieved)

And HTTP is just a communication protocol (a tool) that can help to achieve this.

For more info check these links:

https://martinfowler.com/articles/richardsonMaturityModel.html http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven

REST APIs must be hypertext-driven

From Roy Fielding's blog here's a set of ways to check if you're building a HTTP API or a REST API:

API designers, please note the following rules before calling your creation a REST API:

• A REST API should not be dependent on any single communication protocol, though its successful mapping to a given protocol may be dependent on the availability of metadata, choice of methods, etc. In general, any protocol element that uses a URI for identification must allow any URI scheme to be used for the sake of that identification. [Failure here implies that identification is not separated from interaction.]
• A REST API should not contain any changes to the communication protocols aside from filling-out or fixing the details of underspecified bits of standard protocols, such as HTTP’s PATCH method or Link header field. Workarounds for broken implementations (such as those browsers stupid enough to believe that HTML defines HTTP’s method set) should be defined separately, or at least in appendices, with an expectation that the workaround will eventually be obsolete. [Failure here implies that the resource interfaces are object-specific, not generic.]
• A REST API should spend almost all of its descriptive effort in defining the media type(s) used for representing resources and driving application state, or in defining extended relation names and/or hypertext-enabled mark-up for existing standard media types. Any effort spent describing what methods to use on what URIs of interest should be entirely defined within the scope of the processing rules for a media type (and, in most cases, already defined by existing media types). [Failure here implies that out-of-band information is driving interaction instead of hypertext.]
• A REST API must not define fixed resource names or hierarchies (an obvious coupling of client and server). Servers must have the freedom to control their own namespace. Instead, allow servers to instruct clients on how to construct appropriate URIs, such as is done in HTML forms and URI templates, by defining those instructions within media types and link relations. [Failure here implies that clients are assuming a resource structure due to out-of band information, such as a domain-specific standard, which is the data-oriented equivalent to RPC’s functional coupling].
• A REST API should never have “typed” resources that are significant to the client. Specification authors may use resource types for describing server implementation behind the interface, but those types must be irrelevant and invisible to the client. The only types that are significant to a client are the current representation’s media type and standardized relation names. [ditto]
• A REST API should be entered with no prior knowledge beyond the initial URI (bookmark) and set of standardized media types that are appropriate for the intended audience (i.e., expected to be understood by any client that might use the API). From that point on, all application state transitions must be driven by client selection of server-provided choices that are present in the received representations or implied by the user’s manipulation of those representations. The transitions may be determined (or limited by) the client’s knowledge of media types and resource communication mechanisms, both of which may be improved on-the-fly (e.g., code-on-demand). [Failure here implies that out-of-band information is driving interaction instead of hypertext.]

HTTP is a protocol used for communication, usually used to communicate with internet resources or any application with a web browser client.

REST means that the main concept you are using while designing the application is the Resource: for each action you want to perform you need to define a resource on which you usually do only CRUD operation, which is a simple task. for that its very convenient to use 4 verbs used in HTTP protocol against the 4 CRUD operations (Get for Read, POST is for CREATE, PUT is for UPDATE and DELETE is for DELETE). that's unlike the older concept of RPC (Remote Procedure Call), in which you have a set of actions you want to perform as a result of the user's call. if you think for example on how to describe a facebook like on a post, with RPC you might create services called AddLikeToPost and RemoveLikeFromPost, and manage it along with all your other services related to FB posts, thus you won't need to create special object for Like. with REST you will have a Like object which will be managed separately with Delete and Create functions. It also means it will describe a separate entity in your db. that might look like a small difference, but working like that would usually yield a much simpler code and a much simpler application. with that design, most of the app's logic is obvious from the object's structure (model), unlike RPC with which you would usually have to explicitly add a lot more logic.

designing RESTful application is usually a lot harder because it requires you to describe complicated things in a simple manner. describing all functionalities using only CRUD functions is tricky, but after doing that your life would be a lot simpler and you will find that you will write a lot shorter methods.

One more restraint REST architecture present is not to use session context when communicating with client (stateless), meaning all the information needs to understand who is the client and what he wants is passed with the web message. each call to a function is self descriptive, there is no previous conversation with the client which can be referenced in the message. therefor a client could not tell you "give me the next page" since you don't have a session to store what is the previous page and what kind of page you want, the client would have to say "my name is yuval, get me page 2 of a specific post in a specific forum". that means a bit more data would have to transfer in the communication, but think of the difference between finding a bug reported from the "get me next page" function in oppose to "get me page 2 of question id 2190836 in stack overflow".

Of course there is a lot more to it, but to my opinion that's the main concepts in a teaspoon.

HTTP is a communications protocol that transports messages over a network. SOAP is a protocol to exchange XML-based messages that can use HTTP to transport those messages. Rest is a protocol to exchange any(XML or JSON) messages that can use HTTP to transport those messages.

REST = Representational State Transfer

REST is a set of rules, that when followed, enable you to build a distributed application that has a specific set of desirable constraints.

REST is a protocol to exchange any(XML, JSON etc ) messages that can use HTTP to transport those messages.

Features:

It is stateless which means that ideally no connection should be maintained between the client and server. It is the responsibility of the client to pass its context to the server and then the server can store this context to process the client's further request. For example, session maintained by server is identified by session identifier passed by the client.

Advantages of Statelessness:

1. Web Services can treat each method calls separately.
2. Web Services need not maintain the client's previous interaction.
3. This in turn simplifies application design.
4. HTTP is itself a stateless protocol unlike TCP and thus RESTful Web Services work seamlessly with the HTTP protocols.

Disadvantages of Statelessness:

1. One extra layer in the form of heading needs to be added to every request to preserve the client's state.
2. For security we need to add a header info to every request.

HTTP Methods supported by REST:

GET: /string/someotherstring It is idempotent and should ideally return the same results every time a call is made

PUT: Same like GET. Idempotent and is used to update resources.

POST: should contain a url and body Used for creating resources. Multiple calls should ideally return different results and should create multiple products.

DELETE: Used to delete resources on the server.

HEAD:

The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server MUST NOT return a message-body in the response. The meta information contained in the HTTP headers in response to a HEAD request SHOULD be identical to the information sent in response to a GET request.

OPTIONS:

This method allows the client to determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource, or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or initiating a resource retrieval.

HTTP Responses

Go here for all the responses.

Here are a few important ones: 200 - OK 3XX - Additional information needed from the client and url redirection 400 - Bad request
401 - Unauthorized to access
403 - Forbidden
The request was valid, but the server is refusing action. The user might not have the necessary permissions for a resource, or may need an account of some sort.

404 - Not Found
The requested resource could not be found but may be available in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible.

405 - Method Not Allowed A request method is not supported for the requested resource; for example, a GET request on a form that requires data to be presented via POST, or a PUT request on a read-only resource.

404 - Request not found
500 - Internal Server Failure
502 - Bad Gateway Error

REST is a specific way of approaching the design of big systems (like the web).

It's a set of 'rules' (or 'constraints').

HTTP is a protocol that tries to obey those rules.

From You don't know the difference between HTTP and REST

So REST architecture and HTTP 1.1 protocol are independent from each other, but the HTTP 1.1 protocol was built to be the ideal protocol to follow the principles and constraints of REST. One way to look at the relationship between HTTP and REST is, that REST is the design, and HTTP 1.1 is an implementation of that design.

HTTP is an application protocol. REST is a set of rules, that when followed, enable you to build a distributed application that has a specific set of desirable constraints.

If you are looking for the most significant constraints of REST that distinguish a RESTful application from just any HTTP application, I would say the "self-description" constraint and the hypermedia constraint (aka Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State (HATEOAS)) are the most important.

The self-description constraint requires a RESTful request to be completely self descriptive in the users intent. This allows intermediaries (proxies and caches) to act on the message safely.

The HATEOAS constraint is about turning your application into a web of links where the client's current state is based on its place in that web. It is a tricky concept and requires more time to explain than I have right now.