TypeError a bytes-like object is required not str

Question

The following is the code that tries to modify the input supplied by a user by using sockets   from socket import    serverName    127 0 0 1  serverPort   12000 clientSocket   socket AF INET  SOCK DGRAM  message   input  Input lowercase sentence    clientSocket sendto message  serverName  serverPort   modifiedMessage  serverAddress   clientSocket recvfrom 2048  print  modifiedMessage  clientSocket close     When I execute it and supply input the following error occurs   Input lowercase sentence fdsgfdf Traceback  most recent call last     File  C  srinath files NETWORKS UDPclient py   line 6  in  lt module gt      clientSocket sendto message  serverName  serverPort   TypeError  a bytes-like object is required  not  str    What can I do to solve this

User · Answer

Whenever you encounter an error with this message use my_string.encode().

^{^{(where my_string is the string you're passing to a function/method).}}

The encode method of str objects returns the encoded version of the string as a bytes object which you can then use. In this specific instance, socket methods such as .send expect a bytes object as the data to be sent, not a string object.

Since you have an object of type str and you're passing it to a function/method that expects an object of type bytes, an error is raised that clearly explains that:

TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

So the encode method of strings is needed, applied on a str value and returning a bytes value:

>>> s = "Hello world"
>>> print(type(s))
<class 'str'>
>>> byte_s = s.encode()
>>> print(type(byte_s))
<class 'bytes'>
>>> print(byte_s)
b"Hello world"

Here the prefix b in b'Hello world' denotes that this is indeed a bytes object. You can then pass it to whatever function is expecting it in order for it to run smoothly.

User · Answer

Simply replace message parameter passed  in clientSocket sendto message  serverName  serverPort   to clientSocket sendto message encode    serverName  serverPort    Then you would successfully run in in python3

User · Answer

This code is probably good for Python 2  But in Python 3  this will cause an issue  something related to bit encoding  I was trying to make a simple TCP server and encountered the same problem  Encoding worked for me  Try this with sendto command   clientSocket sendto message encode    serverName  serverPort     Similarly you would use  decode   to receive the data on the UDP server side  if you want to print it exactly as it was sent

User · Answer

A bit of encoding can solve this   Client Side   message   input  - gt    clientSocket sendto message encode  utf-8     address  port     Server Side   data   s recv 1024  modifiedMessage  serverAddress   clientSocket recvfrom message decode  utf-8

User · Answer

Encoding and decoding can solve this in Python 3   Client Side    gt  gt  gt  host  127 0 0 1   gt  gt  gt  port 1337  gt  gt  gt  import socket  gt  gt  gt  s socket socket socket AF INET socket SOCK STREAM   gt  gt  gt  s connect  host port    gt  gt  gt  st  connection done   gt  gt  gt  byt st encode    gt  gt  gt  s send byt  15  gt  gt  gt    Server Side    gt  gt  gt  host     gt  gt  gt  port 1337  gt  gt  gt  import socket  gt  gt  gt  s socket socket socket AF INET socket SOCK STREAM   gt  gt  gt  s bind  host port    gt  gt  gt  s listen 1   gt  gt  gt  conn  addr s accept    gt  gt  gt  data conn recv 2000   gt  gt  gt  data decode    connection done   gt  gt  gt

[python] TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

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