There appear to be two different ways to convert a string to bytes, as seen in the answers to TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
Which of these methods would be better or more Pythonic? Or is it just a matter of personal preference?
b = bytes(mystring, 'utf-8')
b = mystring.encode('utf-8')
This question is related to
python
string
character-encoding
python-3.x
The absolutely best way is neither of the 2, but the 3rd. The first parameter to encode
defaults to 'utf-8'
ever since Python 3.0. Thus the best way is
b = mystring.encode()
This will also be faster, because the default argument results not in the string "utf-8"
in the C code, but NULL
, which is much faster to check!
Here be some timings:
In [1]: %timeit -r 10 'abc'.encode('utf-8')
The slowest run took 38.07 times longer than the fastest.
This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
10000000 loops, best of 10: 183 ns per loop
In [2]: %timeit -r 10 'abc'.encode()
The slowest run took 27.34 times longer than the fastest.
This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
10000000 loops, best of 10: 137 ns per loop
Despite the warning the times were very stable after repeated runs - the deviation was just ~2 per cent.
Using encode()
without an argument is not Python 2 compatible, as in Python 2 the default character encoding is ASCII.
>>> 'äöä'.encode()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
It's easier than it is thought:
my_str = "hello world"
my_str_as_bytes = str.encode(my_str)
type(my_str_as_bytes) # ensure it is byte representation
my_decoded_str = my_str_as_bytes.decode()
type(my_decoded_str) # ensure it is string representation
Answer for a slightly different problem:
You have a sequence of raw unicode that was saved into a str variable:
s_str: str = "\x00\x01\x00\xc0\x01\x00\x00\x00\x04"
You need to be able to get the byte literal of that unicode (for struct.unpack(), etc.)
s_bytes: bytes = b'\x00\x01\x00\xc0\x01\x00\x00\x00\x04'
Solution:
s_new: bytes = bytes(s, encoding="raw_unicode_escape")
Reference (scroll up for standard encodings):
Source: Stackoverflow.com