There are two types of measurements you can use for specifying widths, heights, margins etc: relative and fixed.
An example of a relative measurement is percentages, which you have used. Percentages are relevant to their containing element. If there is no containing element they are relative to the window.
<div style="width:100%">
<!-- This div will be the full width of the browser, whatever size it is -->
<div style="width:300px">
<!-- this div will be 300px, whatever size the browser is -->
<p style="width:50%">
This paragraph's width will be 50% of it's parent (150px).
</p>
</div>
</div>
Another relative measurement is ems which are relative to font size.
An example of a fixed measurement is pixels but a fixed measurement can also be pt (points), cm (centimetres) etc. Fixed (sometimes called absolute) measurements are always the same size. A pixel is always a pixel, a centimetre is always a centimetre.
If you were to use fixed measurements for your sizes the browser size wouldn't affect the layout.