The adjustment in the Task Scheduler app actually just controls the enabled state of a certain event log, so you can equivalently adjust the Task Scheduler "history" mode via the Windows command line:
wevtutil set-log Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational /enabled:true
To check the current state:
wevtutil get-log Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational
For the keystroke-averse, here are the slightly abbreviated versions of the above:
wevtutil sl Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational /e:true
wevtutil gl Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational