There are 3 sources of variables in Ansible:
Variables gathered from facts. You can get them by running command: ansible -m setup hostname
Built-in (pre-defined) Ansible variables (AKA 'magic' variables). They are documented in Ansible documentation: http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_variables.html#magic-variables-and-how-to-access-information-about-other-hosts
Here is the list extracted from Ansible 1.9 documentation: