Usage of the backtick character in JavaScript

Question

In JavaScript  a backtick dagger  seems to work the same as a single quote  For instance  I can use a backtick to define a string like this   var s    abc     Is there a way in which the behavior of the backtick actually differs from that of a single quote      dagger  Note that among programmers   backtick  is one name for what is more generally called the grave accent  Programmers also sometimes use the alternate names  backquote  and  backgrave   Also  on Stack Overflow and elsewhere  other common spellings for  backtick  are  back-tick  and  back tick

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It s a pretty useful functionality  for example here is a Node js code snippet to test the set up of a 3 second timing function  const waitTime   3000  console log  setting a   waitTime 1000  second delay     Explanation  Declare wait time as 3000 Using the backtick you can embed the result of the calculation of  wait time  divided by 1000 in the same line with your chosen text  Further calling a timer function using the  waitTime  constant will result in a 3 second delay  as calculated in the console log argument

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This is a feature called template literals   They were called  template strings  in prior editions of the ECMAScript 2015 specification   Template literals are supported by Firefox 34  Chrome 41  and Edge 12 and above  but not by Internet nbsp Explorer    Examples  http   tc39wiki calculist org es6 template-strings  Official specification  ECMAScript 2015 Language Specification  12 2 9 Template Literal Lexical Components  a bit dry    Template literals can be used to represent multi-line strings and may use  interpolation  to insert variables   var a   123  str    ---    a is    a  ---   console log str     Output   ---    a is  123 ---   What is more important  they can contain not just a variable name  but any JavaScript expression   var a   3  b   3 1415   console log  PI is nearly   Math max a  b

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Backticks     are used to define template literals  Template literals are a new feature in ECMAScript nbsp 6  to make working with strings easier   Features    we can interpolate any kind of expression in the template literals  They can be multi-line    Note  we can easily use single quotes     and double quotes     inside the backticks       Example   var nameStr    I m  Rohit  Jindal     To interpolate the variables or expression we can use the   expression  notation for that   var name    Rohit Jindal   var text    My name is   name    console log text      My name is Rohit Jindal   Multi-line strings means that you no longer have to use  n for new lines anymore   Example   const name    Rohit   console log  Hello   name   How are you       Output   Hello Rohit  How are you

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Backticks enclose template literals  previously known as template strings  Template literals are string literals that allow embedded expressions and string interpolation features   Template literals have expressions embedded in placeholders  denoted by the dollar sign and curly brackets around an expression  i e    expression   The placeholder   expressions get passed to a function  The default function just concatenates the string   To escape a backtick  put a backslash before it                   gt  true   Use backticks to more easily write multi-line string   console log  string text line 1 string text line 2      or  console log  Fifteen is   a   b  and not   2   a   b        vs  vanilla JavaScript   console log  string text line 1 n     string text line 2      or  console log  Fifteen is      a   b      and nnot      2   a   b            Escape sequences    Unicode escapes started by  u  for example  u00A9 Unicode code point escapes indicated by  u    for example  u 2F804  Hexadecimal escapes started by  x  for example  xA9 Octal literal escapes started by   and  a  digit s   for example  251

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ECMAScript 6 comes up with a new type of string literal  using the backtick as the delimiter  These literals do allow basic string interpolation expressions to be embedded  which are then automatically parsed and evaluated  let person    name   RajiniKanth   age  68  greeting   Thalaivaaaa       let usualHtmlStr    quot  lt p gt My name is  quot    person name    quot   lt  p gt  n quot       quot  lt p gt I am  quot    person age    quot  old lt  p gt  n quot       quot  lt strong gt   quot  quot    person greeting    quot   quot  is what I usually say lt  strong gt  quot    let newHtmlStr      lt p gt My name is   person name   lt  p gt     lt p gt I am   person age  old lt  p gt     lt p gt  quot   person greeting  quot  is what I usually say lt  strong gt     console log usualHtmlStr   console log newHtmlStr    As you can see  we used the   around a series of characters  which are interpreted  as a string literal  but any expressions of the form       are parsed and evaluated inline immediately  One really nice benefit of interpolated string literals is they are allowed to split across multiple lines  var Actor     quot name quot    quot RajiniKanth quot     var text    Now is the time for all good men like   Actor name  to come to the aid of their country    console log text      Now is the time for all good men like RajiniKanth    to come to the aid of their    country   Interpolated Expressions Any valid expression is allowed to appear inside       in an interpolated string literal  including function calls  inline function expression calls  and even other interpolated string literals  function upper s      return s toUpperCase      var who    quot reader quot  var text    A very   upper  quot warm quot    welcome to all of you   upper    who s       console log text      A very WARM welcome    to all of you READERS   Here  the inner    who s  interpolated string literal was a little bit nicer convenience for us when combining the who variable with the  quot s quot  string  as opposed to who     quot s quot   Also to keep an note is an interpolated string literal is just lexically scoped where it appears  not dynamically scoped in any way  function foo str      var name    quot foo quot     console log str     function bar       var name    quot bar quot     foo  Hello from   name        var name    quot global quot   bar        quot Hello from bar  quot   Using the template literal for the HTML is definitely more readable by reducing the annoyance  The plain old way    lt div class  quot     className     quot  gt         lt p gt     content     lt  p gt         lt a href  quot     link     quot  gt Let  s go lt  a gt     lt  div gt     With ECMAScript 6    lt div class  quot   className  quot  gt     lt p gt   content  lt  p gt     lt a href  quot   link  quot  gt Let s go lt  a gt   lt  div gt     Your string can span multiple lines  You don t have to escape quotation characters  You can avoid groupings like    quot  gt   You don t have to use the plus operator   Tagged Template Literals We can also tag a template string  when a template string is tagged  the literals and substitutions are passed to function which returns the resulting value  function myTaggedLiteral strings      console log strings      myTaggedLiteral test       quot test quot    function myTaggedLiteral strings  value  value2      console log strings  value  value2     let someText    Neat   myTaggedLiteral test   someText    2   3        quot test quot    quot  quot       quot Neat quot     5  We can use the spread operator here to pass multiple values  The first argument   we called it strings   is an array of all the plain strings  the  stuff between any interpolated expressions   We then gather up all subsequent arguments into an array called values using the     gather rest operator  though you could of course have left them as individual named parameters following the strings parameter like we did above  value1  value2  etc    function myTaggedLiteral strings     values      console log strings     console log values      let someText    Neat   myTaggedLiteral test   someText    2   3        quot test quot    quot  quot       quot Neat quot     5  The argument s  gathered into our values array are the results of the already evaluated interpolation expressions found in the string literal  A tagged string literal is like a processing step after the interpolations are evaluated  but before the final string value is compiled  allowing you more control over generating the string from the literal  Let s look at an example of creating reusable templates  const Actor       name   quot RajiniKanth quot     store   quot Landmark quot     const ActorTemplate   templater  lt article gt     lt h3 gt    name   is a Actor lt  h3 gt     lt p gt You can find his movies at    store    lt  p gt    lt  article gt     function templater strings     keys      return function data        let temp   strings slice        keys forEach  key  i    gt          temp i    temp i    data key               return temp join              const myTemplate   ActorTemplate Actor   console log myTemplate    Raw Strings Our tag functions receive a first argument we called strings  which is an array  But there   s an additional bit of data included  the raw unprocessed versions of all the strings  You can access those raw string values using the  raw property  like this  function showraw strings     values      console log strings     console log strings raw     showraw Hello nWorld    As you can see  the raw version of the string preserves the escaped  n sequence  while the processed version of the string treats it like an unescaped real new-line  ECMAScript  6 comes with a built-in function that can be used as a string literal tag  String raw      It simply passes through the raw versions of the strings  console log  Hello nWorld        quot Hello World quot      console log String raw Hello nWorld        quot Hello nWorld quot

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You can make a template of templates too  and reach private variable  var a   e 10  gy  sfdsad      global object  console log  e is   a e  and gy is   a gy        e is 10 and gy is sfdsad  var b    quot e is   a e  and gy is   a gy  quot     template string console log     b        e is   a e  and gy is   a gy   console log  eval      b            convert template string to template   e is 10 and gy is sfdsad  backtick  b         use fonction s variable   e is 20 and gy is fghj  function backtick  temp       var a   e 20  gy  fghj       local object   console log  eval      temp

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Apart from string interpolation  you can also call a function using back-tick    var sayHello   function          console log  Hello   arguments         To call this function using     sayHello some args      Check console for the output     Or sayHello      some args       Check styled component  They use it heavily

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Summary   Backticks in JavaScript is a feature which is introduced in ECMAScript nbsp 6    ECMAScript 2015 for making easy dynamic strings  This ECMAScript nbsp 6 feature is also named template string literal  It offers the following advantages when compared to normal strings    In Template strings linebreaks are allowed and thus can be multiline  Normal string literals  declared with    or     are not allowed to have linebreaks  We can easily interpolate variable values to the string with the   myVariable  syntax    Example    x000D   x000D  const name    Willem   x000D  const age   26  x000D   x000D  const story     x000D    My name is    name  x000D    And I m    age  years old x000D     x000D   x000D  console log story   x000D   x000D   x000D    Browser compatibility   Template string literal are natively supported by all major browser vendors  except Internet nbsp Explorer   So it is pretty save to use in your production code  A more detailed list of the browser compatibilities can be found here

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A lot of the comments answer most of your questions  but I mainly wanted to contribute to this question   Is there a way in which the behavior of the backtick actually differs from that of a single quote   A difference I ve noticed for template strings is the disability to set one as an object property  More information in this post  an interesting quote from the accepted answer   Template strings are expressions  not literals1   But basically  if you ever wanted to use it as an object property you d have to use it wrapped with square brackets     Throws error const object     templateString   true       Works const object      templateString    true

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The good part is we can make basic maths directly    x000D   x000D  let nuts   7 x000D   x000D  more innerHTML     x000D   x000D   lt h2 gt You collected   nuts  nuts so far  x000D   x000D   lt hr gt  x000D   x000D  Double it  get   nuts   nuts  nuts   x000D   x000D    x000D   lt div id  more  gt  lt  div gt  x000D   x000D   x000D    It became really useful in a factory function    x000D   x000D  function nuts it   x000D    return   x000D      You have   it  nuts   lt br gt  x000D      Cosinus of your nuts    Math cos it    lt br gt  x000D      Triple nuts    3   it   lt br gt  x000D      Your nuts encoded in BASE64  lt br gt    btoa it   x000D      x000D    x000D   x000D  nut oninput    function    x000D    out innerHTML   nuts nut value  x000D     x000D   lt h3 gt NUTS CALCULATOR x000D   lt input type  number  id  nut  gt  x000D   x000D   lt div id  out  gt  lt  div gt  x000D   x000D   x000D

[javascript] Usage of the backtick character (`) in JavaScript

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