The docs say regarding list-style-position
: outside
CSS1 did not specify the precise location of the marker box and for reasons of compatibility, CSS2 remains equally ambiguous. For more precise control of marker boxes, please use markers.
Further up that page is the stuff about markers.
One example is:
LI:before {
display: marker;
content: "(" counter(counter) ")";
counter-increment: counter;
width: 6em;
text-align: center;
}