You are trying to run bash, an interactive shell that requires a tty in order to operate. It doesn't really make sense to run this in "detached" mode with -d, but you can do this by adding -it to the command line, which ensures that the container has a valid tty associated with it and that stdin remains connected:
docker run -it -d -p 52022:22 basickarl/docker-git-test
You would more commonly run some sort of long-lived non-interactive process (like sshd, or a web server, or a database server, or a process manager like systemd or supervisor) when starting detached containers.
If you are trying to run a service like sshd, you cannot simply run service ssh start. This will -- depending on the distribution you're running inside your container -- do one of two things:
It will try to contact a process manager like systemd or upstart to start the service. Because there is no service manager running, this will fail.
It will actually start sshd, but it will be started in the background. This means that (a) the service sshd start command exits, which means that (b) Docker considers your container to have failed, so it cleans everything up.
If you want to run just ssh in a container, consider an example like this.
If you want to run sshd and other processes inside the container, you will need to investigate some sort of process supervisor.