[batch-file] How does "FOR" work in cmd batch file?

I've been programming in dozens of languages for 20 years but I could never understand how "FOR" work in windows cmd shell batch file, no matter how hard I tried. I read

http://www.amazon.com/Windows-Administration-Command-Line-Vista/dp/0470046163/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241362727&sr=8-1

http://www.ss64.com/nt/for.html

and several other articles on the internet but still confuse and cannot accomplish anything.

Can anybody give me a concise explaination on how "FOR" works in general ?

For a little more specific question, how can I iterate through each path in %PATH% variable ? I've tried with

rem showpathenv.bat
for /f "delims=;" %%g in ("%PATH%") do echo %%g

That'd show only the first path, not all of them. Why ? What I do wrong ?

Couldn't resist throwing this out there, old as this thread is... Usually when the need arises to iterate through each of the files in PATH, all you really want to do is find a particular file... If that's the case, this one-liner will spit out the first directory it finds your file in:

(ex: looking for java.exe)

for %%x in (java.exe) do echo %%~dp$PATH:x

You have to additionally use the tokens=1,2,... part of the options that the for loop allows. This here will do what you possibly want:

for /f "tokens=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 delims=;" %a in ("%PATH%") ^
do ( ^
     echo. %b ^
   & echo. %a ^
   & echo. %c ^
   & echo. %d ^
   & echo. %e ^
   & echo. %f ^
   & echo. %g ^
   & echo. %h ^
   & echo. %i ^
   & echo. %j ^
   & echo. %k ^
   & echo. ^
   & echo.   ...and now for some more... ^
   & echo. ^
   & echo. %a ^| %b ___ %c ... %d ^
   & dir "%e" ^
   & cd "%f" ^
   & dir /tw "%g" ^
   & echo. "%h  %i  %j  %k" ^
   & cacls "%f")

This example processes the first 12 tokens (=directories from %path%) only. It uses explicit enumeration of each of the used tokens. Note, that the token names are case sensitive: %a is different from %A.

To be save for paths with spaces, surround all %x with quotes like this "%i". I didn't do it here where I'm only echoing the tokens.

You could also do s.th. like this:

for /f "tokens=1,3,5,7-26* delims=;" %a in ("%PATH%") ^
do ( ^
     echo. %c ^
   & echo. %b ^
   & echo. %a ^
   & echo. %d ^
   & echo. %e ^
   & echo. %f ^
   & echo. %g ^
   & echo. %h ^
   & echo. %i ^
   & echo. %j ^
   & echo. %k )

This one skips tokens 2,4,6 and uses a little shortcut ("7-26") to name the rest of them. Note how %c, %b, %a are processed in reverse order this time, and how they now 'mean' different tokens, compared to the first example.

So this surely isn't the concise explanation you asked for. But maybe the examples help to clarify a little better now...

Mark's idea was good, but maybe forgot some path have spaces in them. Replacing ';' with '" "' instead would cut all paths into quoted strings.

set _path="%PATH:;=" "%"
for %%p in (%_path%) do if not "%%~p"=="" echo %%~p

So here, you have your paths displayed.

FOR command in cmd has a tedious learning curve, notably because how variables react within ()'s statements... you can assign any variables, but you can't read then back within the ()'s, unless you use the "setlocal ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION" statement, and therefore also use the variables with !!'s instead of %%'s (!_var!)

I currently exclusively script with cmd, for work, had to learn all this :)

FOR is essentially iterating over the "lines" in the data set. In this case, there is one line that contains the path. The "delims=;" is just telling it to separate on semi-colons. If you change the body to echo %%g,%%h,%%i,%%j,%%k you'll see that it is treating the input as a single line and breaking it into multiple tokens.

Here is a good guide:

FOR /F - Loop command: against a set of files.

FOR /F - Loop command: against the results of another command.

FOR - Loop command: all options Files, Directory, List.

[The whole guide (Windows XP commands):

http://www.ss64.com/nt/index.html

Edit: Sorry, didn't see that the link was already in the OP, as it appeared to me as a part of the Amazon link.

for /f iterates per line input, so in your program will only output first path.

your program treats %PATH% as one-line input, and deliminate by ;, put first result to %%g, then output %%g (first deliminated path).

You've got the right idea, but for /f is designed to work on multi-line files or commands, not individual strings.

In its simplest form, for is like Perl's for, or every other language's foreach. You pass it a list of tokens, and it iterates over them, calling the same command each time.

for %a in (hello world) do @echo %a

The extensions merely provide automatic ways of building the list of tokens. The reason your current code is coming up with nothing is that ';' is the default end of line (comment) symbol. But even if you change that, you'd have to use %%g, %%h, %%i, ... to access the individual tokens, which will severely limit your batch file.

The closest you can get to what you ask for is:

set TabbedPath=%PATH:;= %
for %%g in (%TabbedPath%) do echo %%g

But that will fail for quoted paths that contain semicolons.

In my experience, for /l and for /r are good for extending existing commands, but otherwise for is extremely limited. You can make it slightly more powerful (and confusing) with delayed variable expansion (cmd /v:on), but it's really only good for lists of filenames.

I'd suggest using WSH or PowerShell if you need to perform string manipulation. If you're trying to write whereis for Windows, try where /?.

This works for me:

@ECHO OFF
SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION ENABLEEXTENSIONS
@REM insure path is terminated with a ;
set tpath=%path%;
echo.
:again
@REM This FOR statement grabs the first element in the path
FOR /F "delims=;" %%I IN ("%TPATH%") DO (
  echo    %%I 
  @REM remove the current element of the path
  set TPATH=!TPATH:%%I;=!
)
@REM loop back if there is more to do. 
IF DEFINED TPATH GOTO :again

ENDLOCAL

It works for me, try it.

for /f "tokens=* delims=;" %g in ('echo %PATH%') do echo %g%

It works for me, try it.

for /f "delims=;" %g in ('echo %PATH%') do echo %g%

I know this is SUPER old... but just for fun I decided to give this a try:

@Echo OFF
setlocal
set testpath=%path: =#%
FOR /F "tokens=* delims=;" %%P in ("%testpath%") do call :loop %%P
:loop
if '%1'=='' goto endloop
set testpath=%1
set testpath=%testpath:#= %
echo %testpath%
SHIFT
goto :loop
:endloop
pause
endlocal
exit

This doesn't require a count and will go until it finishes. I had the same problem with spaces but it made it through the entire variable. The key to this is the loop labels and the SHIFT function.