Single huge css file vs multiple smaller specific css files

Question

Is there any advantage to having a single monster  css file that contains style elements that will be used on almost every page   I m thinking that for ease of management  I d like to pull out different types of CSS into a few files  and include every file in my main  lt link   gt  is that bad   I m thinking this is better   positions css  buttons css  tables css copy css   vs    site css   Have you seen any gotchas with doing it one way vs  the other

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Maybe take a look at compass  which is an open source CSS authoring framework   It s based on Sass so it supports cool things like variables  nesting  mixins and imports  Especially imports are useful if you want to keep seperate smaller CSS files but have them combined into 1 automatically  avoiding multiple slow HTTP calls   Compass adds to this a big set of pre-defined mixins that are easy for handling cross-browser stuff  It s written in Ruby but it can easily be used with any system

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Having only one CSS file is better for the loading-time of your pages  as it means less HTTP requests   Having several little CSS files means development is easier  at least  I think so   having one CSS file per module of your application makes things easier    So  there are good reasons in both cases      A solution that would allow you to get the best of both ideas would be     To develop using several small CSS files   i e  easier to develop  To have a build process for your application  that  combines  those files into one   That build process could also minify that big file  btw It obviously means that your application must have some configuration stuff that allows it to swith from  multi-files mode  to  mono-file mode    And to use  in production  only the big file   i e  faster loading pages    There are also some software that do that combining of CSS files at run-time  and not at build-time   but doing it at run-time means eating a bit more CPU  and obvisouly requires some caching mecanism  to not re-generate the big file too often

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Historically  one of the main advantages x in having a single CSS file is the speed benefit when using HTTP1 1   However  as of March 2018 over 80  of browsers now support HTTP2 which allows the browser to download multiple resources simultaneously as well as being able to push resources pre-emptively  Having a single CSS file for all pages means a larger than necessary file size  With proper design  I don t see any advantage in doing this other than its easier to code   The ideal design for HTTP2 for best performance would be    Have a core CSS file which contains common styles used across all pages  Have page specific CSS in a separate file Use HTTP2 push CSS to minimise wait time  a cookie can be used to prevent repeated pushes  Optionally separate above the fold CSS and push this first and load the remaining CSS later  useful for low-bandwidth mobile devices  You could also load remaining CSS for the site or specific pages after the page has loaded if you want to speed up future page loads

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I prefer multiple CSS files during development  Management and debugging is much easier that way  However  I suggest that come deployment time you instead use a CSS minify tool like YUI Compressor which will merge your CSS files into one monolithic file

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I typically have a handful of CSS files    a  global  css file for resets and global styles  module  specific css files for pages that are logically grouped  maybe every page in a checkout wizard or something   page  specific css files for overrides on the page  or  put this in a  block on the individual page    I am not really too concerned with multiple page requests for CSS files  Most people have decent bandwidth and I m sure there are other optimizations that would have a far greater impact than combining all styles into one monolitic CSS file   The trade-off is between speed and maintainability  and I always lean towards maintainability   The YUI comperssor sounds pretty cool though  I might have to check that out

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This is a hard one to answer   Both options have their pros and cons in my opinion   I personally don t love reading through a single HUGE CSS file  and maintaining it is very difficult   On the other hand  splitting it out causes extra http requests which could potentially slow things down   My opinion would be one of two things   1  If you know that your CSS will NEVER change once you ve built it  I d build multiple CSS files in the development stage  for readability   and then manually combine them before going live  to reduce http requests   2  If you know that you re going to change your CSS once in a while  and need to keep it readable  I would build separate files and use code  providing you re using some sort of programming language  to combine them at runtime build time  runtime minification combination is a resource pig    With either option I would highly recommend caching on the client side in order to further reduce http requests   EDIT  I found this blog that shows how to combine CSS at runtime using nothing but code   Worth taking a look at  though I haven t tested it myself yet    EDIT 2  I ve settled on using separate files in my design time  and a build process to minify and combine  This way I can have separate  manageable  css while I develop and a proper monolithic minified file at runtime  And I still have my static files and less system overhead because I m not doing compression minification at runtime   note  for you shoppers out there  I highly suggest using bundler as part of your build process  Whether you re building from within your IDE  or from a build script  bundler can be executed on Windows via the included exe or can be run on any machine that is already running node js

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SASS and LESS make this all really a moot point  The developer can set up effective component files and on compile combine them all  In SASS you can toggle off the Compressed Mode while in development for easier reading  and toggle it back on for production    http   sass-lang com http   lesscss org  In the end a single minified CSS file is what you want regardless of the technique you use  Less CSS  Less HTTP requests  Less Demand on the server

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You want both worlds   You want multiple CSS files because your sanity is a terrible thing to waste   At the same time  it s better to have a single  large file   The solution is to have some mechanism that combines the multiple files in to a single file   One example is something like   lt link rel  stylesheet  type  text css  href  allcss php files positions css buttons css copy css    gt    Then  the allcss php script handles concatenating the files and delivering them   Ideally  the script would check the mod dates on all the files  creates a new composite if any of them changes  then returns that composite  and then checks against the If-Modified HTTP headers so as to not send redundant CSS   This gives you the best of both worlds  Works great for JS as well

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A CSS compiler like Sass or LESS is a great way to go  That way you ll be able to deliver a single  minimised CSS file for the site  which will be far smaller and faster than a normal single CSS source file   while maintaining the nicest development environment  with everything neatly split into components   Sass and LESS have the added advantage of variables  nesting and other ways to make CSS easier to write and maintain  Highly  highly recommended  I personally use Sass  SCSS syntax  now  but used LESS previously  Both are great  with similar benefits  Once you ve written CSS with a compiler  it s unlikely you d want to do without one   http   lesscss org  http   sass-lang com  If you don t want to mess around with Ruby  this LESS compiler for Mac is great   http   incident57 com less   Or you could use CodeKit  by the same guys    http   incident57 com codekit   WinLess is a Windows GUI for comipiling LESS  http   winless org

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Monolithic stylesheets do offer a lot of benefits  which are described in the other answers   however depending on the overall size of the stylesheet document you could run into problems in IE  IE has a limitation with how many selectors it will read from a single file  The limit is 4096 selectors  If you re monolithic stylesheet will have more than this you will want to split it  This limitation only rears it s ugly head in IE   This is for all versions of IE   See Ross Bruniges Blog and MSDN AddRule page

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A bundled stylesheet may save page load performance but the more styles there are the slower the browser renders animations on the page you are on  This is caused by the huge amount of unused styles that may not be on the page you are on but the browser still has to calculate   See  https   benfrain com css-performance-revisited-selectors-bloat-expensive-styles   Bundled stylesheets advantages  - page load performance  Bundled stylesheets disadvantages  - slower behaviour  which can cause choppyness during scrolling  interactivity  animation    Conclusion  To solve both problems  for production the ideal solution is to bundle all the css into one file to save on http requests  but use javascript to extract from that file  the css for the page you are on and update the head with it   To know which shared components are needed per page  and to reduce complexity  it would be nice to have declared all the components this particular page uses - for example    lt style href  global css  rel  stylesheet   gt   lt body data-shared-css-components  x y z  gt

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I prefer multiple CSS files  That way it is easier to swap  skins  in and out as you desire  The problem with one monolithic file is that it can get out of control and hard to manage  What if you want blue backgrounds but don t want the buttons to change  Just alter your backgrounds file  Etc

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I m using Jammit to deal with my css files and use many different files for readability   Jammit doest all the dirty work of combining and compressing the files before deployment in production   This way  I ve got many files in development but only one file in production

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You can just use one css file for performance and then comment out sections like this             Header                 some css here           End Header                        Footer                 some css here           End Footer              etc

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here is the best way    create a general css file with all shared code insert all specific page css code into the same page  on the tag  or using the attribute style    for each page   on this way you have only one css with all shared code and an html page  by the way  and i know that this is not the right topic  you can also encode your images in base64  but you can also do it with your js and css files   in this way you reduce even more http requests to 1

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I ve created a systematic approach to CSS development  This way I can utilize a standard that never changes  First I started with the 960 grid system  Then I created single lines of css for basic layouts  margins  padding  fonts and sizes  I then string them together as needed  This allows me to keep a consistent layout across all of my projects and utilize the same css files over and over  Because they are not specific  Here s an example  ----div class  c12 bg0 m10 p5 white fl  div--- This means that the container is 12 columns across  utilizes bg0 has margins of 10px padding of 5 the text is white and it floats left  I could easily change this by removing or adding a new - What I call a  light  style- Instead of creating a single class with all these attributes  I simply combine the single styles as I code the page  This allows me to create any combination of styles and does not limit my creativity or cause me to create a massive number of styles that are similar  Your style sheets become a lot more manageable  minimized and allow you to re-use it over and over  This method I have found to be fantastic for rapid design  I also no longer design first in PSD but in the browser which also saves time  In addition because I have also created a naming system for my backgrounds and page design attributes I simply change out my image file when creating a new project  bg0   body background according to my naming system  That means that if I previously had a white background with one project simply changing it to black simply means that on the next project bg0 will be a black background or another image      I have not found anything wrong with this method yet and it seems to work very well

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There is a tipping point at which it s beneficial to have more than one css file   A site with 1M  pages  which the average user is likely to only ever see say 5 of  might have a stylesheet of immense proportions  so trying to save the overhead of a single additional request per page load by having a massive initial download is false economy   Stretch the argument to the extreme limit - it s like suggesting that there should be one large stylesheet maintained for the entire web  Clearly nonsensical   The tipping point will be different for each site though so there s no hard and fast rule  It will depend upon the quantity of unique css per page  the number of pages  and the number of pages the average user is likely to routinely encounter while using the site

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The advantage to a single CSS file is transfer efficiency   Each HTTP request means a HTTP header response for each file requested  and that takes bandwidth   I serve my CSS as a PHP file with the  text css  mime type in the HTTP header   This way I can have multiple CSS files on the server side and use PHP includes to push them into a single file when requested by the user   Every modern browser receives the  php file with the CSS code and processes it as a  css file

[css] Single huge .css file vs. multiple smaller specific .css files?

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