[sql-server] Which tool to build a simple web front-end to my database

The most rapid option is to hand out MS Access or SQL Sever Management Studio (there's a free express edition) along with a read only account.

PHP is simple and has a well earned reputation for getting stuff done. PHP is excellent for copying and pasting code, and you can iterate insanely fast in PHP. PHP can lead to hard-to-maintain applications, and it can be difficult to set up a visual debugger.

Given that you use SQL Server, ASP.NET is also a good option. This is somewhat harder to setup; you'll need an IIS server, with a configured application. Iterations are a bit slower. ASP.NET is easier to maintain and Visual Studio is the best visual debugger around.