Its simple If you are passing String X from A to B.
A--> B
In Activity A
1) Create Intent
2) Put data in intent using putExtra method of intent
3) Start activity
Intent i = new Intent(A.this, B.class);
i.putExtra("MY_kEY",X);
In Activity B
inside onCreate method
1) Get intent object
2) Get stored value using key(MY_KEY)
Intent intent = getIntent();
String result = intent.getStringExtra("MY_KEY");
This is the standard way to send data from A to B. you can send any data type, it could be int, boolean, ArrayList, String[]. Based on the datatype you stored in Activity as key, value pair retrieving method might differ like if you are passing int value then you will call
intent.getIntExtra("KEY");
You can even send Class objects too but for that, you have to make your class object implement the Serializable or Parceable interface.
How much data you can send across size. If data exceeds a certain amount in size then you might get TransactionTooLargeException. Suppose you are trying to send bitmap across the activity and if the size exceeds certain data size then you might see this exception.