You can get the current page, post, or custom post type with the global variable $post
:
echo $post->post_title
Note: In a function or class you'll need to specify global $post;
prior to trying to use $post
.
If you have loops on your page, make sure you end each loop with wp_reset_postdata();
to set $post
back to the default item being displayed (the page).
Note, the 'post_title' variable is also available for any custom loop / query... including menu items and media attachments... everything in WordPress is a 'post'.