To my knowledge, no.
Circumstantial indications from $LC_CTYPE
, locale
and such might seem alluring, but these are completely separated from the encoding the terminal application (actually an emulator) happens to be using when displaying characters on the screen.
They only way to detect encoding for sure is to output something only present in the encoding, e.g. ä
, take a screenshot, analyze that image and check if the output character is correct.
So no, it's not possible, sadly.