OK - I had the same problem. I didn't want to use "config.assets.compile = true" - I had to add all of my .css files to the list in config/environments/production.rb:
config.assets.precompile += %w( carts.css )
Then I had to create (and later delete) tmp/restart.txt
I consistently used the stylesheet_link_tag helper, so I found all the extra css files I needed to add with:
find . \( -type f -o -type l \) -exec grep stylesheet_link_tag {} /dev/null \;