My solution is as follows:
I didn't find a root folder under C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Temporary ASP.NET Files
.
Google told me that it might be a permission issue against current user, then I found I have a current Identity: IIS APPPOOL
in the malfunctioning server where the rest of the server has Current Identity: NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE
.
Then I changed Current Identity from IIS APPPOOL
to NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE
.
From here, I found that resetting the web app rebuilds the temporary ASP.NET cache, solving the issue.