You can throw your own custom errors by extending the Exception class.
class CustomException : Exception {
[string] $additionalData
CustomException($Message, $additionalData) : base($Message) {
$this.additionalData = $additionalData
}
}
try {
throw [CustomException]::new('Error message', 'Extra data')
} catch [CustomException] {
# NOTE: To access your custom exception you must use $_.Exception
Write-Output $_.Exception.additionalData
# This will produce the error message: Didn't catch it the second time
throw [CustomException]::new("Didn't catch it the second time", 'Extra data')
}