This should do the trick, to produce the data frame you asked for, using only base R:
df <- data.frame(cond=c(rep("x", times=length(x)),
rep("y", times=length(y))),
rating=c(x, y))
df
cond rating
1 x 1
2 x 2
3 x 3
4 y 100
5 y 200
6 y 300
However, from your initial description, I'd say that this is perhaps a more likely usecase:
df2 <- data.frame(x, y)
colnames(df2) <- c(x_name, y_name)
df2
cond rating
1 1 100
2 2 200
3 3 300
[edit: moved parentheses in example 1]