If origin
points to a bare repository on disk, this error can happen if that directory has been moved (even if you update the working copy's remotes). For example
$ mv /path/to/origin /somewhere/else
$ git remote set-url origin /somewhere/else
$ git diff origin/master
fatal: ambiguous argument 'origin': unknown revision or path not in the working tree.
Pulling once from the new origin
solves the problem:
$ git stash
$ git pull origin master
$ git stash pop