nslookup google.com
is the easiest way. Works on Linux and Windows.
If your issue is that your DNS server is not returning a response for google.com, use a different DNS server, such as a public one. For instance, you could do:
nslookup
>server 8.8.8.8
>google.com
For a more thorough solution to getting around annoying Internet filters, look into using Tor.