An attribute is the actual thing that you use within your HTML tag like
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />
In this instance type and checked are attributes. The property though is the value of these attributes, which the browser saves inside the DOM element. Often the value of the attributes and the properties are equal, that's what makes it so confusing.
In this example the DOM element input
has the property type
with the value "checkbox"
and the property checked
with the value true
(notice how this value differs from the value inside the HTML attribute).
Using Firebug you can observe the behaviour of properties when clicking on an element and selecting the "DOM view".