A generalisation of Dave Hartnoll's answer (I am mainly taking the concept ad absurdum, maybe don't use that in anything where you need speed). This allows one to fill the String up with i characters following a given pattern.
int i = 3;
String someNum = "123";
String pattern = "789";
someNum += "00000000000000000000".replaceAll("0",pattern).substring(0, i);
If you don't need a pattern but just any single character you can use that (it's a tad faster):
int i = 3;
String someNum = "123";
char c = "7";
someNum += "00000000000000000000".replaceAll("0",c).substring(0, i);