Extending User1648825's nice simple answer (I can't comment and my edit was rejected):
@Value("${spring.profiles.active}")
private String activeProfile;
This may throw an IllegalArgumentException if no profiles are set (I get a null value). This may be a Good Thing if you need it to be set; if not use the 'default' syntax for @Value, ie:
@Value("${spring.profiles.active:Unknown}")
private String activeProfile;
...activeProfile now contains 'Unknown' if spring.profiles.active could not be resolved