What s the difference between using let and var

Question

ECMAScript 6 introduced the let statement  I ve heard that it s described as a local variable  but I m still not quite sure how it behaves differently than the var keyword  What are the differences   When should let be used instead of var

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let is interesting  because it allows us to do something like this         gt        var count   0       for  let i   0  i  lt  2    i            for  let i   0  i  lt  2    i                for  let i   0  i  lt  2    i                    console log count                                           Which results in counting  0  7    Whereas        gt        var count   0       for  var i   0  i  lt  2    i            for  var i   0  i  lt  2    i                for  var i   0  i  lt  2    i                    console log count                                           Only counts  0  1

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Here is an example for the difference between the two  support just started for chrome     As you can see the var j variable is still having a value outside of the for loop scope  Block Scope   but the let i variable is undefined outside of the for loop scope    x000D   x000D   use strict   x000D  console log  var     x000D  for  var j   0  j  lt  2  j      x000D    console log j   x000D    x000D   x000D  console log j   x000D   x000D  console log  let     x000D  for  let i   0  i  lt  2  i      x000D    console log i   x000D    x000D   x000D  console log i   x000D   x000D   x000D

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The below shows how  let  and  var  are different in the scope   let gfoo   123  if  true        let gfoo   456    console log gfoo      123  var hfoo   123  if  true        var hfoo   456    console log hfoo      456   The gfoo  defined by let initially is in the global scope  and when we declare gfoo again inside the if clause its scope changed and when a new value is assigned to the variable inside that scope it does not affect the global scope   Whereas hfoo  defined by var is initially in the global scope  but again when we declare it inside the if clause  it considers the global scope hfoo  although var has been used again to declare it  And when we re-assign its value we see that the global scope hfoo is also affected  This is the primary difference

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If I read the specs right then let thankfully can also be leveraged to avoid self invoking functions used to simulate private only members - a popular design pattern that decreases code readability  complicates debugging  that adds no real code protection or other benefit - except maybe satisfying someone s desire for semantics  so stop using it   rant  var SomeConstructor         let privateScope            SomeConstructor   function SomeConstructor              this someProperty    foo           privateScope hiddenProperty    bar              SomeConstructor prototype showPublic   function              console log this someProperty      foo            SomeConstructor prototype showPrivate   function              console log privateScope hiddenProperty      bar           var myInstance   new SomeConstructor     myInstance showPublic    myInstance showPrivate     console log privateScope hiddenProperty      error   See  Emulating private interfaces

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Take a look at this image  I created one very simple example for demonstration of const and let variables  As you can see  when you try to change const variable  you will get the error  Attempting to override  name  which is constant    but take a look at let variable      First we declare let age   33  and later assign some other value age   34   which is ok  we dont have any errors when we try to change let variable

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ES6 introduced two new keyword let and const  alternate to var       When you need a block level deceleration you can go with let and const   instead of var       The below table summarize the difference between var  let and const

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Some hacks with let   1       let statistics    16  170  10       let  age  height  grade    statistics       console log height    2       let x   120      y   12       x  y     y  x       console log  x    x  y    y       3       let node                        type   Identifier                      name   foo                         let   type  name  value     node       console log type            Identifier      console log name            foo      console log value          undefined      let node             type   Identifier              let   type  localType  name  localName    bar      node       console log localType           Identifier      console log localName           bar    Getter and setter with let   let jar         numberOfCookies  10      get cookies             return this numberOfCookies             set cookies value            this numberOfCookies   value            console log jar cookies  jar cookies   7   console log jar cookies

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Variable Not Hoisting  let will not hoist to the entire scope of the block they appear in  By contrast  var could hoist as below        console log cc      undefined  Caused by hoisting    var cc   23          console log bb      ReferenceError  bb is not defined    let bb   23      Actually  Per  Bergi  Both var and let are hoisted  Garbage Collection  Block scope of let is useful relates to closures and garbage collection to reclaim memory  Consider   function process data                 var hugeData            process hugeData    var btn   document getElementById  mybutton    btn addEventListener   click   function click evt                    The click handler callback does not need the hugeData variable at all  Theoretically  after process     runs  the huge data structure hugeData could be garbage collected  However  it s possible that some JS engine will still have to keep this huge structure  since the click function has a closure over the entire scope   However  the block scope can make this huge data structure to garbage collected   function process data                      anything declared inside this block can be garbage collected     let hugeData               process hugeData      var btn   document getElementById  mybutton    btn addEventListener   click   function click evt                   let loops  let in the loop can re-binds it to each iteration of the loop  making sure to re-assign it the value from the end of the previous loop iteration  Consider      print  5  5 times for  var i   0  i  lt  5    i        setTimeout function              console log i          1000         However  replace var with let     print 1  2  3  4  5  now for  let i   0  i  lt  5    i        setTimeout function              console log i          1000         Because let create a new lexical environment with those names for a  the initialiser expression b  each iteration  previosly to evaluating the increment expression   more details are here

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The main difference is the scope difference  while let can be only available inside the scope it s declared  like in for loop  var can be accessed outside the loop for example  From the documentation in MDN  examples also from MDN       let allows you to declare variables that are limited in scope to the block  statement  or expression on which it is used  This is unlike the var keyword  which defines a variable globally  or locally to an entire function regardless of block scope       Variables declared by let have as their scope the block in which they are defined  as well as in any contained sub-blocks  In this way  let works very much like var  The main difference is that the scope of a var variable is the entire enclosing function    function varTest       var x   1    if  true        var x   2      same variable      console log x       2       console log x       2    function letTest       let x   1    if  true        let x   2      different variable     console log x       2       console log x       1         At the top level of programs and functions  let  unlike var  does not create a property on the global object  For example    var x    global   let y    global   console log this x       global  console log this y      undefined      When used inside a block  let limits the variable s scope to that block  Note the difference between var whose scope is inside the function where it is declared    var a   1  var b   2   if  a     1      var a   11     the scope is global   let b   22     the scope is inside the if-block    console log a       11   console log b       22     console log a      11 console log b      2   Also don t forget it s ECMA6 feature  so it s not fully supported yet  so it s better always transpiles it to ECMA5 using Babel etc    for more info about visit babel website

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As I am currently trying to get an in depth understanding of JavaScript I will share my brief research which contains some of the great pieces already discussed plus some other details in a different perspective   Understanding the difference between var and let can be easier if we understand the difference between function and block scope   Let s consider the following cases    function timer         for var i   0  i  lt   5  i              setTimeout function notime     console log i      i   1000                    Stack            VariableEnvironment   one VariablEnvironment for timer                                              when the timer is out - the value will be the same value for each call 5   setTimeout  i    i 5   4   setTimeout  i    3   setTimeout  i  2   setTimeout  i  1   setTimeout  i  0   setTimeout  i                              function timer         for  let i   0  i  lt   5  i              setTimeout function notime     console log i      i   1000                   Stack           LexicalEnvironment - each iteration has a new lexical environment 5   setTimeout  i    i 5                               LexicalEnvironment  4   setTimeout  i      i 4                               LexicalEnvironment  3   setTimeout  i        i 3                                  LexicalEnvironment  2   setTimeout  i         i 2                             LexicalEnvironment  1   setTimeout  i           i 1                               LexicalEnvironment  0   setTimeout  i             i 0    when timer   gets called an ExecutionContext is created which will contain both the VariableEnvironment and all the LexicalEnvironments corresponding to each iteration   And a simpler example  Function Scope  function test         for var z   0  z  lt  69  z                todo             z is visible outside the loop     Block Scope  function test         for let z   0  z  lt  69  z                todo             z is not defined

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let vs var  It s all about scope    var variables are global and can be accessed basically everywhere  while let variables are not global and only exist until a closing parenthesis kills them    See my example below  and note how the lion  let  variable acts differently in the two console logs  it becomes out of scope in the 2nd console log   var cat    cat   let dog    dog    var animals        gt        var giraffe    giraffe       let lion    lion        console log cat      will print  cat       console log dog      will print  dog   because dog was declared outside this function  like var cat        console log giraffe     will print  giraffe       console log lion     will print  lion   as lion is within scope     console log giraffe     will print  giraffe   as giraffe is a global variable  var   console log lion     will print UNDEFINED  as lion is a  let  variable and is now out of scope

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In most basic terms   for  let i   0  i  lt  5  i           i accessible         i not accessible       for  var i   0  i  lt  5  i           i accessible         i accessible           Sandbox to play around  darr

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Function VS block scope   The main difference between var and let is that variables declared with var are function scoped  Whereas functions declared with let are block scoped  For example   function testVar        if true        var foo    foo          console log foo      testVar         logs  foo    function testLet        if true        let bar    bar          console log bar      testLet        reference error    bar is scoped to the block of the if statement    variables with var   When the first function testVar gets called the variable foo  declared with var  is still accessible outside the if statement  This variable foo would be available everywhere within the scope of the testVar function   variables with let   When the second function testLet gets called the variable bar  declared with let  is only accessible inside the if statement  Because variables declared with let are block scoped  where a block is the code between curly brackets e g if     for    function       let variables don t get hoisted   Another difference between var and let is variables with declared with let don t get hoisted  An example is the best way to illustrate this behavior   variables with let don t get hoisted   console log letVar    let letVar   10     referenceError  the variable doesn t get hoisted   variables with var do get hoisted   console log varVar    var varVar   10     logs undefined  the variable gets hoisted   Global let doesn t get attached to window   A variable declared with let in the global scope  which is code that is not in a function  doesn t get added as a property on the global window object  For example  this code is in global scope    var bar   5  let foo    10   console log bar      logs 5 console log foo      logs 10  console log window bar        logs 5  variable added to window object  console log window foo      logs undefined  variable not added to window object        When should let be used over var    Use let over var whenever you can because it is simply scoped more specific  This reduces potential naming conflicts which can occur when dealing with a large number of variables  var can be used when you want a global variable explicitly to be on the window object  always consider carefully if this is really necessary

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I just came across one use case that I had to use var over let to introduce new variable  Here s a case  I want to create a new variable with dynamic variable names  let variableName    a   eval  quot let  quot    variableName      10     console log a        this doesn t work  var variableName    a   eval  quot var  quot    variableName      10     console log a        this works  The above code doesn t work because eval introduces a new block of code  The declaration using var will declare a variable outside of this block of code since var declares a variable in the function scope  let  on the other hand  declares a variable in a block scope  So  a variable will only be visible in eval block

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The difference is in the scope of the variables declared with each   In practice  there are a number of useful consequences of the difference in scope    let variables are only visible in their nearest enclosing block            let variables are only usable in lines of code that occur after the variable is declared  even though they are hoisted    let variables may not be redeclared by a subsequent var or let  Global let variables are not added to the global window object  let variables are easy to use with closures  they do not cause race conditions     The restrictions imposed by let reduce the visibility of the variables and increase the likelihood that unexpected name collisions will be found early   This makes it easier to track and reason about variables  including their reachability helping with reclaiming unused memory    Consequently  let variables are less likely to cause problems when used in large programs or when independently-developed frameworks are combined in new and unexpected ways   var may still be useful if you are sure you want the single-binding effect when using a closure in a loop   5  or for declaring externally-visible global variables in your code   4    Use of var for exports may be supplanted if export migrates out of transpiler space and into the core language   Examples  1  No use outside nearest enclosing block  This block of code will throw a reference error because the second use of x occurs outside of the block where it is declared with let          let x   1    console log  x is   x         ReferenceError during parsing   x is not defined     In contrast  the same example with var works   2  No use before declaration  This block of code will throw a ReferenceError before the code can be run because x is used before it is declared          x   x   1      ReferenceError during parsing   x is not defined       let x      console log  x is   x         Never runs      In contrast  the same example with var parses and runs without throwing any exceptions   3  No redeclaration  The following code demonstrates that a variable declared with let may not be redeclared later    let x   1  let x   2      SyntaxError  Identifier  x  has already been declared   4  Globals not attached to window    var button    I cause accidents because my name is too common    let link    Though my name is common  I am harder to access from other JS files    console log link       OK console log window link       undefined  GOOD   console log window button       OK   5  Easy use with closures  Variables declared with var do not work well with closures inside loops   Here is a simple loop that outputs the sequence of values that the variable i has at different points in time    for  let i   0  i  lt  5  i          console log  i is   i     125  ms         Specifically  this outputs   i is 0 i is 1 i is 2 i is 3 i is 4   In JavaScript we often use variables at a significantly later time than when they are created   When we demonstrate this by delaying the output with a closure passed to setTimeout    for  let i   0  i  lt  5  i          setTimeout     gt  console log  i is   i     125  ms             the output remains unchanged as long as we stick with let   In contrast  if we had used var i instead    for  var i   0  i  lt  5  i          setTimeout     gt  console log  i is   i     125  ms             the loop unexpectedly outputs  i is 5  five times   i is 5 i is 5 i is 5 i is 5 i is 5

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It also appears that  at least in Visual Studio 2015  TypeScript 1 5   var  allows multiple declarations of the same variable name in a block  and  let  doesn t   This won t generate a compile error   var x   1  var x   2    This will   let x   1  let x   2

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What s the difference between let and var   A variable defined using a var statement is known throughout the function it is defined in  from the start of the function      A variable defined using a let statement is only known in the block it is defined in  from the moment it is defined onward        To understand the difference  consider the following code     i IS NOT known here    j IS NOT known here    k IS known here  but undefined    l IS NOT known here  function loop arr           i IS known here  but undefined        j IS NOT known here        k IS known here  but has a value only the second time loop is called        l IS NOT known here      for  var i   0  i  lt  arr length  i                  i IS known here  and has a value            j IS NOT known here            k IS known here  but has a value only the second time loop is called            l IS NOT known here                i IS known here  and has a value        j IS NOT known here        k IS known here  but has a value only the second time loop is called        l IS NOT known here      for  let j   0  j  lt  arr length  j                  i IS known here  and has a value            j IS known here  and has a value            k IS known here  but has a value only the second time loop is called            l IS NOT known here                i IS known here  and has a value        j IS NOT known here        k IS known here  but has a value only the second time loop is called        l IS NOT known here    loop  1 2 3 4     for  var k   0  k  lt  arr length  k              i IS NOT known here        j IS NOT known here        k IS known here  and has a value        l IS NOT known here     for  let l   0  l  lt  arr length  l              i IS NOT known here        j IS NOT known here        k IS known here  and has a value        l IS known here  and has a value     loop  1 2 3 4        i IS NOT known here    j IS NOT known here    k IS known here  and has a value    l IS NOT known here  Here  we can see that our variable j is only known in the first for loop  but not before and after  Yet  our variable i is known in the entire function  Also  consider that block scoped variables are not known before they are declared because they are not hoisted  You re also not allowed to redeclare the same block scoped variable within the same block  This makes block scoped variables less error prone than globally or functionally scoped variables  which are hoisted and which do not produce any errors in case of multiple declarations   Is it safe to use let today  Some people would argue that in the future we ll ONLY use let statements and that var statements will become obsolete  JavaScript guru Kyle Simpson wrote a very elaborate article on why he believes that won t be the case  Today  however  that is definitely not the case  In fact  we need actually to ask ourselves whether it s safe to use the let statement  The answer to that question depends on your environment   If you re writing server-side JavaScript code  Node js   you can safely use the let statement   If you re writing client-side JavaScript code and use a browser based transpiler  like Traceur or babel-standalone   you can safely use the let statement  however your code is likely to be anything but optimal with respect to performance   If you re writing client-side JavaScript code and use a Node based transpiler  like the traceur shell script or Babel   you can safely use the let statement  And because your browser will only know about the transpiled code  performance drawbacks should be limited   If you re writing client-side JavaScript code and don t use a transpiler  you need to consider browser support  There are still some browsers that don t support let at all       How to keep track of browser support For an up-to-date overview of which browsers support the let statement at the time of your reading this answer  see this Can I Use page       Globally and functionally scoped variables can be initialized and used before they are declared because JavaScript variables are hoisted  This means that declarations are always much to the top of the scope       Block scoped variables are not hoisted

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There are some subtle differences  mdash  let scoping behaves more like variable scoping does in more or less any other languages    e g  It scopes to the enclosing block  They don t exist before they re declared  etc   However it s worth noting that let is only a part of newer Javascript implementations and has varying degrees of browser support

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let can also be used to avoid problems with closures  It binds fresh value rather than keeping an old reference as shown in examples below    x000D   x000D  for var i 1  i lt 6  i      x000D        div    i  click function      console log i       x000D    x000D   lt script src  https   cdnjs cloudflare com ajax libs jquery 3 3 1 jquery min js  gt  lt  script gt  x000D   lt p gt Clicking on each number will log to console  lt  p gt   x000D   lt div id  div1  gt 1 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div2  gt 2 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div3  gt 3 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div4  gt 4 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div5  gt 5 lt  div gt  x000D   x000D   x000D    Code above demonstrates a classic JavaScript closure problem  Reference to the i variable is being stored in the click handler closure  rather than the actual value of i   Every single click handler will refer to the same object because there   s only one counter object which holds 6 so you get six on each click   A general workaround is to wrap this in an anonymous function and pass i as an argument  Such issues can also be avoided now by using let instead var as shown in the code below    Tested in Chrome and Firefox 50    x000D   x000D  for let i 1  i lt 6  i      x000D        div    i  click function      console log i       x000D    x000D   lt script src  https   cdnjs cloudflare com ajax libs jquery 3 3 1 jquery min js  gt  lt  script gt  x000D   lt p gt Clicking on each number will log to console  lt  p gt   x000D   lt div id  div1  gt 1 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div2  gt 2 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div3  gt 3 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div4  gt 4 lt  div gt  x000D   lt div id  div5  gt 5 lt  div gt  x000D   x000D   x000D

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I want to link these keywords to the Execution Context  because the Execution Context is important in all of this  The Execution Context has two phases  a Creation Phase and Execution Phase  In addition  each Execution Context has a Variable Environment and Outer Environment  its Lexical Environment     During the Creation Phase of an Execution Context  var  let and const will still store its variable in memory with an undefined value in the Variable Environment of the given Execution Context  The difference is in the Execution Phase  If you use reference a variable defined with var before it is assigned a value  it will just be undefined  No exception will be raised    However  you cannot reference the variable declared with let or const until it is declared  If you try to use it before it is declared  then an exception will be raised during the Execution Phase of the Execution Context  Now the variable will still be in memory  courtesy of the Creation Phase of the Execution Context  but the Engine will not allow you to use it   function a        b      let b    a     gt  Uncaught ReferenceError  b is not defined   With a variable defined with var  if the Engine cannot find the variable in the current Execution Context s Variable Environment  then it will go up the scope chain  the Outer Environment  and check the Outer Environment s Variable Environment for the variable  If it cannot find it there  it will continue searching the Scope Chain  This is not the case with let and const    The second feature of let is it introduces block scope  Blocks are defined by curly braces  Examples include function blocks  if blocks  for blocks  etc  When you declare a variable with let inside of a block  the variable is only available inside of the block  In fact  each time the block is run  such as within a for loop  it will create a new variable in memory   ES6 also introduces the const keyword for declaring variables  const is also block scoped  The difference between let and const is that const variables need to be declared using an initializer  or it will generate an error   And  finally  when it comes to the Execution Context  variables defined with var will be attached to the  this  object  In the global Execution Context  that will be the window object in browsers  This is not the case for let or const

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When Using let  The let keyword attaches the variable declaration to the scope of whatever block  commonly a        pair  it s contained in  In other words let implicitly hijacks any block s scope for its variable declaration   let variables cannot be accessed in the window object because they cannot be globally accessed   function a             this is the Max Scope for let variable         let x   12            console log x     a       Uncaught ReferenceError  x is not defined   When Using var  var and variables in ES5 has scopes in functions meaning the variables are valid within the function and not outside the function itself   var variables can be accessed in the window object because they cannot be globally accessed   function a       this is the Max Scope for var variable                var x   12            console log x     a       12   If you want to know more continue reading below  one of the most famous interview questions on scope also can suffice the exact use of let and var as below   When using let  for  let i   0  i  lt  10   i          setTimeout          function a                 console log i     print 0 to 9  that is literally AWW                        100   i       This is because when using let  for every loop iteration the variable is scoped and has its own copy   When using var  for  var i   0  i  lt  10   i          setTimeout          function a                 console log i     print 10 times 10                     100   i       This is because when using var  for every loop iteration the variable is scoped and has shared copy

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var is global scope  hoist-able  variable   let and const is block scope      test js    x000D   x000D    x000D      let l    let   x000D      const c    const   x000D      var v    var   x000D      v2    var 2   x000D    x000D   x000D  console log v  this v   x000D  console log v2  this v2   x000D  console log l      ReferenceError  l is not defined x000D  console log c      ReferenceError  c is not defined x000D   x000D   x000D

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let is a part of es6  These functions will explain the difference in easy way   function varTest       var x   1    if  true        var x   2      same variable      console log x       2       console log x       2    function letTest       let x   1    if  true        let x   2      different variable     console log x       2       console log x       1

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This article clearly defines the difference between var  let and const     const is a signal that the identifier won   t be reassigned       let  is a signal that the variable may be reassigned  such as a   counter in a loop  or a value swap in an algorithm  It also signals   that the variable will be used only in the block it   s defined in    which is not always the entire containing function       var is now the weakest signal available when you define a variable   in JavaScript  The variable may or may not be reassigned  and the   variable may or may not be used for an entire function  or just for   the purpose of a block or loop    https   medium com javascript-scene javascript-es6-var-let-or-const-ba58b8dcde75  esmkpbg9b

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Here s an example to add on to what others have already written  Suppose you want to make an array of functions  adderFunctions  where each function takes a single Number argument and returns the sum of the argument and the function s index in the array  Trying to generate adderFunctions with a loop using the var keyword won t work the way someone might na  vely expect      An array of adder functions  var adderFunctions        for  var i   0  i  lt  1000  i           We want the function at index i to add the index to its argument    adderFunctions i    function x           What is i bound to here      return x   i          var add12   adderFunctions 12       Uh oh  The function is bound to i in the outer scope  which is currently 1000  console log add12 8      20        gt  false console log add12 8      1008        gt  true console log i        gt  1000     It gets worse  i   -8  console log add12 8      0        gt  true   The process above doesn t generate the desired array of functions because i s scope extends beyond the iteration of the for block in which each function was created  Instead  at the end of the loop  the i in each function s closure refers to i s value at the end of the loop  1000  for every anonymous function in adderFunctions  This isn t what we wanted at all  we now have an array of 1000 different functions in memory with exactly the same behavior  And if we subsequently update the value of i  the mutation will affect all the adderFunctions   However  we can try again using the let keyword      Let s try this again     NOTE  We re using another ES6 keyword  const  for values that won t    be reassigned  const and let have similar scoping behavior  const adderFunctions        for  let i   0  i  lt  1000  i           NOTE  We re using the newer arrow function syntax this time  but       using the  function x         syntax from the previous example       here would not change the behavior shown    adderFunctions i    x   gt  x   i     const add12   adderFunctions 12       Yay  The behavior is as expected   console log add12 8      20        gt  true     i s scope doesn t extend outside the for loop  console log i        gt  ReferenceError  i is not defined   This time  i is rebound on each iteration of the for loop  Each function now keeps the value of i at the time of the function s creation  and adderFunctions behaves as expected   Now  image mixing the two behaviors and you ll probably see why it s not recommended to mix the newer let and const with the older var in the same script  Doing so can result is some spectacularly confusing code   const doubleAdderFunctions        for  var i   0  i  lt  1000  i          const j   i      doubleAdderFunctions i    x   gt  x   i   j     const add18   doubleAdderFunctions 9   const add24   doubleAdderFunctions 12       It s not fun debugging situations like this  especially when the    code is more complex than in this example  console log add18 24      42        gt  false console log add24 18      42        gt  false console log add18 24      add24 18         gt  false console log add18 24      2018        gt  false console log add24 18      2018        gt  false console log add18 24      1033        gt  true console log add24 18      1030        gt  true   Don t let this happen to you  Use a linter      NOTE  This is a teaching example intended to demonstrate the var let behavior in loops and with function closures that would also be easy to understand  This would be a terrible way to add numbers  But the general technique of capturing data in anonymous function closures might be encountered in the real world in other contexts  YMMV

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Now I think there is better scoping of variables to a block of statements using let   function printnums            i is not accessible here     for let i   0  i  lt 10  i                 console log i                i is not accessible here         j is accessible here     for var j   0  j  lt 10  j                 console log j                j is accessible here     I think people will start using let here after so that they will have similar scoping in JavaScript like other languages  Java  C   etc   People with not a clear understanding about scoping in JavaScript used to make the mistake earlier   Hoisting is not supported using let   With this approach errors present in JavaScript are getting removed    Refer to ES6 In Depth  let and const to understand it better

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Before 2015  using the var keyword was the only way to declare a JavaScript variable  After ES6  a JavaScript version   it allows 2 new keywords let  amp  const  let   can be re-assigned  const   cannot be re-assigned   const which comes from constant  short-form  const    Example   Suppose  declaring a Country Name   Your mother name  const is most suitable here  because there is less chance to change a country name or your mother name soon or later   Your age  weight  salary  speed of a bike and more like these types of data that change often or need to reassign  those situations  let is used

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ECMAScript 6 added one more keyword to declare variables other the  const  other than  let    The primary goal of introduction of  let  and  const  over  var  is to have block scoping instead of traditional lexical scoping  This article explains very briefly difference between  var  and  let  and it also covers the discussion on  const

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Scoping rules Main difference is scoping rules  Variables declared by var keyword are scoped to the immediate function body  hence the function scope  while let variables are scoped to the immediate enclosing block denoted by      hence the block scope   function run       var foo    quot Foo quot     let bar    quot Bar quot      console log foo  bar      Foo Bar          var moo    quot Mooo quot      let baz    quot Bazz quot       console log moo  baz      Mooo Bazz        console log moo      Mooo   console log baz      ReferenceError    run     The reason why let keyword was introduced to the language was function scope is confusing and was one of the main sources of bugs in JavaScript  Take a look at this example from another stackoverflow question  var funcs          let s create 3 functions for  var i   0  i  lt  3  i           and store them in funcs   funcs i    function            each should log its value      console log  quot My value   quot    i          for  var j   0  j  lt  3  j           and now let s run each one to see   funcs j        My value  3 was output to console each time funcs j     was invoked since anonymous functions were bound to the same variable  People had to create immediately invoked functions to capture correct value from the loops but that was also hairy  Hoisting While variables declared with var keyword are hoisted  initialized with undefined before the code is run  which means they are accessible in their enclosing scope even before they are declared  function run       console log foo      undefined   var foo    quot Foo quot     console log foo      Foo    run     let variables are not initialized until their definition is evaluated  Accessing them before the initialization results in a ReferenceError  Variable said to be in  quot temporal dead zone quot  from the start of the block until the initialization is processed  function checkHoisting       console log foo      ReferenceError   let foo    quot Foo quot     console log foo      Foo    checkHoisting     Creating global object property At the top level  let  unlike var  does not create a property on the global object  var foo    quot Foo quot       globally scoped let bar    quot Bar quot      globally scoped  console log window foo      Foo console log window bar      undefined  Redeclaration In strict mode  var will let you re-declare the same variable in the same scope while let raises a SyntaxError   use strict   var foo    quot foo1 quot   var foo    quot foo2 quot      No problem   foo  is replaced   let bar    quot bar1 quot   let bar    quot bar2 quot      SyntaxError  Identifier  bar  has already been declared

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let  Block scope  Variables declared using the let keyword are block-scoped  which means that they are available only in the block in which they were declared   At the top level  outside of a function   At the top level  variables declared using let don t create properties on the global object   var globalVariable   42  let blockScopedVariable   43   console log globalVariable      42 console log blockScopedVariable      43  console log this globalVariable      42 console log this blockScopedVariable      undefined   Inside a function  Inside a function  but outside of a block   let has the same scope as var         gt      var functionScopedVariable   42    let blockScopedVariable   43     console log functionScopedVariable      42   console log blockScopedVariable      43        console log functionScopedVariable      ReferenceError  functionScopedVariable is not defined console log blockScopedVariable      ReferenceError  blockScopedVariable is not defined   Inside a block  Variables declared using let inside a block can t be accessed outside that block       var globalVariable   42    let blockScopedVariable   43    console log globalVariable      42   console log blockScopedVariable      43    console log globalVariable      42 console log blockScopedVariable      ReferenceError  blockScopedVariable is not defined   Inside a loop  Variables declared with let in loops can be referenced only inside that loop   for  var i   0  i  lt  3  i        var j   i   2    console log i      3 console log j      4  for  let k   0  k  lt  3  k        let l   k   2    console log typeof k      undefined console log typeof l      undefined    Trying to do console log k  or console log l  here would throw a ReferenceError    Loops with closures  If you use let instead of var in a loop  with each iteration you get a new variable  That means that you can safely use a closure inside a loop      Logs 3 thrice  not what we meant  for  var i   0  i  lt  3  i        setTimeout      gt  console log i   0         Logs 0  1 and 2  as expected  for  let j   0  j  lt  3  j        setTimeout      gt  console log j   0       Temporal dead zone  Because of the temporal dead zone  variables declared using let can t be accessed before they are declared  Attempting to do so throws an error   console log noTDZ      undefined var noTDZ   43  console log hasTDZ      ReferenceError  hasTDZ is not defined let hasTDZ   42    No re-declaring  You can t declare the same variable multiple times using let  You also can t declare a variable using let with the same identifier as another variable which was declared using var   var a  var a     Works fine   let b  let b     SyntaxError  Identifier  b  has already been declared  var c  let c     SyntaxError  Identifier  c  has already been declared   const  const is quite similar to let   it s block-scoped and has TDZ  There are  however  two things which are different   No re-assigning  Variable declared using const can t be re-assigned   const a   42  a   43     TypeError  Assignment to constant variable    Note that it doesn t mean that the value is immutable  Its properties still can be changed   const obj       obj a   42  console log obj a      42   If you want to have an immutable object  you should use Object freeze     Initializer is required  You always must specify a value when declaring a variable using const   const a     SyntaxError  Missing initializer in const declaration

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As mentioned above      The difference is scoping  var is scoped to the nearest function   block and let is scoped to the nearest enclosing block  which   can be smaller than a function block  Both are global if outside any   block Lets see an example    Example1   In my both examples I have a function myfunc  myfunc contains a variable myvar equals to 10   In my first example  I check   if myvar equals to 10  myvar  10    If yes  I agian declare  a variable  myvar  now I have two myvar variables using var keyword and assign it a new value  20   In next line I  print its value on my console   After the conditional block I again print the value of myvar on my console  If you look at the output of myfunc    myvar has value equals to 20      Example2  In my second example  instead of using var keyword in my conditional block I declare myvar using let keyword   Now when I call myfunc  I get two different outputs  myvar 20 and myvar 10   So the difference is very simple i e its scope

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I think the terms and most of the examples are a bit overwhelming  The main issue i had personally with the difference is understanding what a  Block  is  At some point i realized  a block would be any curly brackets except for IF statement  an opening bracket   of a function or loop will define a new block  anything defined with let within it  will not be available after the closing bracket   of the same thing  function or loop   With that in mind  it was easier to understand    x000D   x000D  let msg    Hello World   x000D   x000D  function doWork        msg will be available since it was defined above this opening bracket  x000D    let friends   0  x000D    console log msg   x000D   x000D       with VAR though  x000D    for  var iCount2   0  iCount2  lt  5  iCount2          iCount2 will be available after this closing bracket  x000D    console log iCount2   x000D     x000D      for  let iCount1   0  iCount1  lt  5  iCount1          iCount1 will not be available behind this closing bracket  it will return undefined x000D    console log iCount1   x000D     x000D       friends will no be available after this closing bracket  x000D  doWork    x000D  console log friends   x000D   x000D   x000D

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The accepted answer is missing a point       let a   123      console log a      ReferenceError  a is not defined

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May the following two functions show the difference   function varTest         var x   31      if  true            var x   71      Same variable          console log x       71           console log x       71    function letTest         let x   31      if  true            let x   71      Different variable         console log x       71           console log x       31

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Here s an explanation of the let keyword with some examples      let works very much like var  The main difference is that the scope of a var variable is the entire enclosing function   This table on Wikipedia shows which browsers support Javascript 1 7   Note that only Mozilla and Chrome browsers support it  IE  Safari  and potentially others don t

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Check this link in MDN  let x   1   if  x     1    let x   2   console log x      expected output  2    console log x      expected output  1

[javascript] What's the difference between using "let" and "var"?

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