I had this problem too (encountered through Macports compilers). Previous versions of Xcode would let you install command line tools through xcode/Preferences, but xcode5 doesn't give a command line tools option in the GUI, that so I assumed it was automatically included now. Try running this command:
xcode-select --install
(as per this answer)
sudo apt-get install libc6-dev
(as per this comment)
apk add libc-dev