This is just the syntax of the case statement, it looks like this.
SELECT
CASE
WHEN FRUIT = 'A' THEN 'APPLE'
WHEN FRUIT = 'B' THEN 'BANANA'
END AS FRUIT
FROM FRUIT_TABLE;
As a reminder remember; no assignment is performed the value becomes the column contents. (If you wanted to assign that to a variable you would put it before the CASE statement).